Clouded leopard phylogeny revisited: support for species recognition and population division between Borneo and Sumatra

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Gjennomskjæring av aksjeselskap - Argumentene for ulovfestet ansvarsgjennombrudd med oppmerksomhet mot betydningen av kreditors styrke

Som utgangspunkt har aksjeeiere et indirekte og begrenset ansvar, jf. aksjeloven § 1-1 annet ledd og 1-2 annet ledd. Ansvarsbegrensningen medfører at aksjeselskapets selskapskreditorer må ha særlig rettsgrunnlag for å rette sine krav mot aksjeeierne. Aktuelle eksempler på slike rettsgrunnlag er uaksomhetsregelen i aksjeloven § 17-1, eller at aksjeeieren har garantert personlig for selskapets oppfyllelse. Det er imidlertid et uavklart spørsmål om det i norsk rett finnes en gjennomskjæringsregel, som i tilfelle gir ulovfestet grunnlag for å holde aksjeeiere personlig ansvarlig for selskapsforpliktelser. Både Høyesteretts praksis og aksjelovens forarbeider åpner for at ulovfestet ansvarsgjennombrudd kan være et selvstendig rettsgrunnlag etter gjeldende rett, men uten å uttrykkelig stadfeste dette. Så sent som i 2016 behandlet Høyesterett en tvist hvor ulovfestet ansvarsgjennombrudd var anført som grunnlag for aksjeeieransvar, uten å avklare regelens eksistens. Videre har både Gulating og Borgarting lagmannsrett gitt selskapskreditorer medhold i direktekrav på grunnlag av ulovfestet ansvarsgjennombrudd. De er ingen ensartet oppfatning om hva kriteriene og argumentene for gjennomskjæring i tilfelle går ut på. I oppgaven rettes oppmerksomheten mot kriteriene og momentene som i tilfelle kan begrunne ansvarsgjennombrudd. I den forbindelse vies betydningen av selskapskreditorens styrke for spørsmålet om gjennomskjæring særlig oppmerksomhet. Mer presist er spørsmålet om, og i tilfelle hvordan, det gjøres skille for ansvarsgjennombrudd til fordel for ufrivillige, svake og sterke kreditorer

Defining and Mapping Mammalian Coat Pattern Genes: Multiple Genomic Regions Implicated in Domestic Cat Stripes and Spots

Mammalian coat patterns (e.g., spots, stripes) are hypothesized to play important roles in camouflage and other relevant processes, yet the genetic and developmental bases for these phenotypes are completely unknown. The domestic cat, with its diversity of coat patterns, is an excellent model organism to investigate these phenomena. We have established three independent pedigrees to map the four recognized pattern variants classically considered to be specified by a single locus, Tabby; in order of dominance, these are the unpatterned agouti form called “Abyssinian” or “ticked” (Ta), followed by Spotted (Ts), Mackerel (TM), and Blotched (tb). We demonstrate that at least three different loci control the coat markings of the domestic cat. One locus, responsible for the Abyssinian form (herein termed the Ticked locus), maps to an ∼3.8-Mb region on cat chromosome B1. A second locus controls the Tabby alleles TM and tb, and maps to an ∼5-Mb genomic region on cat chromosome A1. One or more additional loci act as modifiers and create a spotted coat by altering mackerel stripes. On the basis of our results and associated observations, we hypothesize that mammalian patterned coats are formed by two distinct processes: a spatially oriented developmental mechanism that lays down a species-specific pattern of skin cell differentiation and a pigmentation-oriented mechanism that uses information from the preestablished pattern to regulate the synthesis of melanin profiles

Clouded leopard phylogeny revisited: support for species recognition and population division between Borneo and Sumatra-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Clouded leopard phylogeny revisited: support for species recognition and population division between Borneo and Sumatra"</p><p>http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/4/1/15</p><p>Frontiers in Zoology 2007;4():15-15.</p><p>Published online 29 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1904214.</p><p></p

Molecular Evidence for Species-Level Distinctions in Clouded Leopards

Among the 37 living species of Felidae, the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is generally classified as a monotypic genus basal to the Panthera lineage of great cats. This secretive, mid-sized (16–23 kg) carnivore, now severely endangered, is traditionally subdivided into four southeast Asian subspecies. We used molecular genetic methods to re-evaluate subspecies partitions and to quantify patterns of population genetic variation among 109 clouded leopards of known geographic origin. We found strong phylogeographic monophyly and large genetic distances between N. n. nebulosa (mainland) and N. n. diardi (Borneo; n = 3 individuals) with mtDNA (771 bp), nuclear DNA (3100 bp), and 51 microsatellite loci. Thirty-six fixed mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide differences and 20 microsatellite loci with nonoverlapping allele-size ranges distinguished N. n. nebulosa from N. n. diardi. Along with fixed subspecies-specific chromosomal differences, this degree of differentiation is equivalent to, or greater than, comparable measures among five recognized Panthera species (lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, and snow leopard). These distinctions increase the urgency of clouded leopard conservation efforts, and if affirmed by morphological analysis and wider sampling of N. n. diardi in Borneo and Sumatra, would support reclassification of N. n. diardi as a new species (Neofelis diardi)