Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) trapping in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) with artisan traps at el Paraíso, Guerrero, Mexico

Objective: Evaluate three proportions of alcohol in traps with one and three windows and two different colors to capture Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari in the Paradise, Guerrero. Design/methodology/approach: 3 mixtures of ethyl:methyl alcohol was evaluated in different proportions (1:0, 0:1 and 1:1), in addition, traps were used in green and transparent colors, designed with one and three windows. A complete factorial design was used, the distribution of treatments was done in complete blocks at random with four repetitions. The variables evaluated were the number of bits captured, water loss, evaporation of the attractant and percentage of damaged fruits. Evaluations were conducted in March–July 2007. Results: There were differences between the treatments (p <0.05). Mix with 1: 1 was the best treatment, recorded an average catch of 980 trap insects week-1. In water loss the traps with a window were better than those designed with three, they recorded an average loss of 1,129.79 mL. The transparent color in traps is more efficient to prevent water loss, recorded an average loss of 905 mL. Limitations on study/implications: The design and color of the trap do not influence the capture efficiency and evaporation of the attractant. Findings/conclusions: The use of handcrafted traps of transparent color, with a window and with ratio of 1:1 ethyl and methyl alcohol, are very efficient in the trap for the control of H. hampeiObjective: To evaluate three proportions of alcohol in traps with one and three windows and two different colors to capture Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari in Coffea arabica L. plants. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment followed a completely randomized design with a complete factorial arrangement and four replications. From March to July 2007, three mixtures of ethyl: methyl alcohol were evaluated in different proportions (1: 0, 0: 1 and 1: 1). In addition, green and transparent traps were used, designed with a single or three windows. The number of captured coffee berry borers, water loss, attractant evaporation and damaged fruits percentage was evaluated. The data were analyzed through an analysis of variance and a test of means differences (Tukey, p ? 0.05). Results: The mixture of ethyl: methyl alcohol 1: 1 was the best, with an average catch of 980 trapped - insects week-1. The single window of transparent color traps was the most efficient to avoid water loss, with an average loss of 1,129.79 mL and 905 mL respectively. Limitations on study/implications: The design and color of the traps did not influence the capture efficiency and the evaporation of the attractant during the evaluated months. Therefore, it should be further evaluated during other important phenological stages for the crop. Findings/conclusions: Transparent color traps with a window and 1: 1 ethyl: methyl alcohol were efficient for capturing H. hampei and lowering their population

Asexual reproduction: an alternative for the propagation and conservation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) native to Guerrero, Mexico

Objective: To evaluate the effect on the rooting of Carica papaya L. cuttings using three different substrates and varying the length of the vegetative material Design / methodology / approach: A completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was used. Herbaceous cuttings of 30 and 40 cm in length were collected in March 2018, from lateral branches from native papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) from various regions of the state of Guerrero. The stakes were placed in different substrates: 1) sand, 2) Peat Moss® and 3) a mixture of sand and Peat Moss® (70:30, v / v). Sixty days after sowing, the rooting percentage, root length, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, crown diameter, weight of fresh biomass, weight of dry biomass, fresh weight of root and root dry weight. With the data obtained, an analysis of variances and a mean comparison test (Tukey, p?0.05) were performed. Results: The 40 and 30 cm long cuttings showed 60 and 50% rooting, respectively, being those plants where 40 cm cuttings were used, consistently taller, with a greater number of leaves, crown diameter and greater length of root. Of the three substrates used, sand was the best for the rooting of papaya cuttings, since in it plants with significantly higher fresh biomass weight were developed (p?0.05). Study limitations / implications: It is important to continue the study into the flowering and fruiting stages. Findings / conclusions: The proposed protocol allows the rooting of papaya cuttingsObjective: Evaluate the effect of three types of substrate and different shoot lengths onthe rooting of Carica papaya L. shoots.Design/ methodology/ approach: This experiment followed a completely randomizeddesign with a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Shoots of 30 and 40 cm of length werecollected in March 2018 from the lateral branches of papaya plants (Carica papaya L.)native to various regions of Guerrero. Shoots were placed in different substrates: 1)sand, 2) Peat Moss®, and 3) sand and Peat Moss® mixture (70:30, v/v). Sixty days afterplanting, rooting percentage, root length, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves,crown diameter, biomass fresh weight, biomass dry weight, root fresh weight, and rootdry weight were evaluated. Data were analyzed through an analysis of variance and amean difference test (Tukey, p?0.05).Results: The rooting of 40- and 30-cm shoots was 60 and 50%, respectively. Plantswith the highest height, number of leaves, root length, and crown diameter derived from 240-cm shoots. Sand was the best substrate for rooting, where plants with higher freshbiomass were significantly developed.Study limitations/ implications: Continue study during the flowering and fruitingstages.Findings/ conclusions: This protocol allows the rooting of papaya shoots

A comprehensive case study on the sustainability of tropical dairy cattle farming in Oaxaca, Mexico

ABSTRACT: Tropical dairy cattle farming is one the most relevant economic activities for food production; although, currently faces increasing scrutiny from society due to its potential harm to natural resources and the environment. Moreover, some factors are paramount for the evaluation of the sustainability and productive potential of any given tropical dairy farm: soil quality, profitability, and energy efficiency. This study carried out a sustainability analysis in four types of tropical dairy cattle ranches, through three key indicators (economic profitability, energy efficiency and soil quality) and with a comprehensive approach in the Costa region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Therefore, four farms of different sizes (i.e., small, medium, large, and very large) were selected in Costa de Oaxaca, Mexico. The data collection was carried out for daily milk production, the dynamics of farm inputs (introduction or removal) from the production system, alongside with collection of soil samples. The agroecosystems evaluated were economically profitable, and those with greater intensification of their pasture areas display higher profit margins and energy efficiency. In terms of soil quality, there is a regular potential for its rational utilization

Calidad de mazorca y grano en maíces criollos de la Costa Chica, Guerrero

Corn (Zea maysL.) is the most consumed cereal in México and Latin America, it is important to know the physical quality of the coband grain to obtain data that serve as a basis for the selection of the best varieties and with it contribute to the conservation and improvement of local varieties, which since the introduction of improved seeds have been at risk of disappearance due to their low yield and poor use. In the spring-summer cycle of 2018, in the town of Cruz Grande municipality of Florencio Villarreal, Guerrero. An experiment was established under a completely randomized block design. The objective was to determine the physical quality of grains and cobs of two genotypes of pigmented corn (red and yellow) belonging to the Dos Puntas variety. The quality of the cobandseed anatomy was evaluated. The results showed that there were no statistical differences between varieties; the grain with the best endosperm is yellow (80.82%) and germ is purple (11.61%); as well as, the yellow variety has a larger grain size (length 10.09 and width 4.31 mm). It is concluded that the corn with the best characteristics for sale as whole grain and use in the dough and tortilla industry, is yellow, and purple for oil extractionEl maíz (Zea mays L.) es el cereal de más consumo en México y Latinoamérica, es importante conocer la calidad física de la mazorca y de grano a fin de obtener datos que sirvan como base para la selección de las mejores variedades y con ello contribuir a la conservación y mejora de variedades locales, que desde la introducción de semillas mejoradas se han visto en riesgo de desaparición por su bajo rendimiento y poco aprovechamiento. En el ciclo primavera-verano de 2018, en la localidad de Cruz Grande municipio de Florencio Villarreal, Guerrero. se estableció un experimento bajo un diseño en bloques completamente al azar. El objetivo fue determinar la calidad física de granos y mazorcas de dos genotipos de maíz pigmentado (rojo y amarillo) perteneciente a la variedad Dos Puntas. Se evaluó la calidad de la mazorca y anatomía de semillas. Los resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre variedades, el grano con mejor endospermo es el amarillo (80.82%) y germen es el morado (11.61%) así como, la variedad amarilla presenta un mayor tamaño de grano (largo 10.09 y ancho 4.31 mm). Se concluye que el maíz con las mejores características para venta como grano entero y para la utilización en la industria de la masa y tortilla, es el amarillo y el morado para extracción de aceit

Saberes tradicionales en el cultivo de maíces nativos

El maíz (Zea mays L.)., es un cultivo de importancia mundial ya que es suministro de nutrimentos y energía necesarios para los seres humanos, animales y es un elemento esencial para la industria (ASERCA, 2018). México es considerado el centro de origen y diversificación del maíz, existen 64 razas y de ellas 59 pueden considerarse nativas (SADER, 2020), este cereal desempeña un papel primordial en la seguridad alimentaria de la población (Escobedo, 2023). A través de los siglos el maíz ha ido evolucionando y esto ha sido posible gracias a los saberes y conocimientos de las y los agricultores, que se han encargado de hacer una selección de semillas con las características deseables de este cultivo (Magdaleno, 2018). Los conocimientos y saberes tradicionales han sido fundamentales para la preservación de esta especie, lo que ha propiciado poblaciones nativas de maíz que las y los agricultores han adaptado a sus necesidades alimenticias, productivas, ambientales y culturales (Cruz et al., 2021)

Antagonismo enzimático de Trichoderma spp. sobre Fusarium oxysporum y Phytophthora parasitica en Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Mexico is the seventh largest producer of jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa), and Guerrero State agglomerates more than 70 % of the national production. The crop presents important phytosanitary limitations, highlights the "black leg" associated with a complex of pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora parasitica). Losses up to 100 % are reported in areas without phytosanitary management. Due to the nature of the consumption of the final product, it is necessary to implement ecological strategies to manage the disease. The objective of the study was to quantify the chitinases and glucanases activity of Trichoderma spp. isolates, and to evaluate their inhibitory effect in vitro on F. oxysporum and P. parasitica. Strains Ta10, Ta11, Ta6 and Ta9 of T. asperellum and Ti14 of T. inhamatum from soils cultivated with jamaica and high incidence of the pathogens were evaluated. The levels of chitinases and glucanases produced in all Trichoderma spp. were significant (P0,05), and it was found that Ta9 had the highest specific chitinase activity, and Ti14 the highest for glucanase. All the filtrates from the different isolates of Trichoderma spp. generated a substantial inhibition of mycelial growth of F. oxysporum and P. parasitica. Consistently, the strain Ta9 produced inhibition percentages greater than 90 % in both tests. A significant correlation was detected between the enzymatic activity and the inhibition of the growth of the Trichoderma spp. isolates on pathogensMéxico es el séptimo productor de jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa), y el estado de Guerrero concentra más del 70 % de la producción nacional. El cultivo presenta limitantes fitosanitarias importantes, destacando la “pata prieta” asociada a un complejo de patógenos (Fusarium oxysporum y Phytophthora parasitica), con pérdidas de hasta 100 % en áreas sin manejo fitosanitario. Debido a la naturaleza del consumo del producto final, es necesaria la implementación de estrategias ecológicas de manejo de la enfermedad. El objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar la actividad de quitinasas y glucanasas de aislados Trichoderma spp., y evaluar su efecto inhibitorio in vitro sobre F. oxysporum y P. parasitica. Se evaluaron las cepas Ta10, Ta11, Ta6 y Ta9 de T. asperellum y Ti14 de T. inhamatum provenientes de suelos cultivados con jamaica y alta incidencia de los patógenos. Los niveles de quitinasas y glucanasas en todos los aislados de Trichoderma spp. fueron significativos (P0,05); la cepa Ta9 mostró la mayor actividad específica de quitinasas, y la cepa Ti14 la mayor de glucanasas. Todos los filtrados provenientes de los diferentes aislados de Trichoderma spp. generaron una inhibición sustancial del crecimiento micelial de F. oxysporum y P. parasitica. De manera consistente, la cepa Ta9 alcanzó porcentajes de inhibición mayores al 90 % en ambos ensayos. Se detectó correlación significativa entre la actividad enzimática y la inhibición del crecimiento de los aislados de Trichoderma spp. sobre los agentes patógenos

TYPOLOGY OF PRODUCERS AND DIFFERENTIATION OF AGROECOSYSTEMS WITH PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) IN OAXACA, MEXICO

Background: The Costa region is the main papaya (Carica papaya L.) producing area in the state of Oaxaca. However, there are no studies that document the potentialities, limitations, and development of the productive and commercial process of this crop with a comprehensive approach. Objective: To characterize papaya producers and their agroecosystems in the Costa region of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico; and determine a representative typology, based on their socioeconomic, productive, technological and commercial characteristics, using multivariate analysis techniques. Methodology: A questionnaire was applied through a probabilistic sampling to 89 papaya producers from seven municipalities in the Costa region of the state of Oaxaca, which included quantitative and qualitative variables, classified into indicators: i) social: ii) physical, iii) productive, iv) economic, v) management, vi) commercialization, vii) technological. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, review and selection of variables, factor analysis by the principal components method, identification of clusters, comparison and differentiation of defined groups, and discriminant analysis. Results: Through factorial analysis, two factors were selected that explained 72.89% of the original variability. The first factor was related to the variables economic income from the sale of papaya, profitability factor and papaya yield; while the second factor was explained by the experience of the producer. The cluster analysis allowed to identify three types of papaya producers (conventional, intermediate, and businesses), which represented 62%, 28% and 10% of the total sample. The variables with the greatest discriminating power between groups were economic income from the sale of papaya, papaya yield, and the profitability factor. Implications: The defined typology suggests the need to improve the design of public policies and promptly reorient them based on the heterogeneity among papaya producers in the study region. Conclusions: The papaya producers in the study sample are relatively young, have an intermediate level of schooling and seniority in the activity; those that make up Group 3 (businesses) stand out for having higher crop yields and better marketing channels. Papaya agroecosystems differ mainly by cultivated area, production yield, economic income and production costs

Dinámica poblacional de tallos e índice de estabilidad del pasto llanero

In the tropics of Mexico, grasslands are the basis for feeding ruminants. The objective of the study was to determine the density, rate of appearance, death and survival of the population of stems of the Llanero grass(Andropogon gayanusKunt) harvested at different regrowth ages (EA: 7.14, 21, 28, 35, 42 , 49 and 56 d), in two growth periods, dry season with irrigation and rainy season. The EA(treatments) were assigned to four experimental units of 3 m2, using a randomized complete block design, with four replications. In both growth periods, the stem density increased until the 28 days of regrowthlater, decreased until the end of the study with greater intensity during the dry period with irrigation compared to the rainy season (325 and 378 stems m-2, respectively). There was greater appearance and death of stems in the dry period with irrigation (97 stems 100 stems-1week-1). The population stability index was greater or close to one during the irrigated drought, while, in rains from the 42 days of regrowth, this was less than one. In conclusion, it was obtained that regrowth ages from 7 to 28 days do not compromise the population stability of stems and favor the persistence of the grasslands. Older regrowth ages during the rains do not allow to recover the stem population, which favors population instabilityEn trópico de México las praderas con pastos constituyen la base de la alimentación de los rumiantes. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la densidad, tasa de aparición, muerte y la sobrevivencia de la población de tallos del pasto Llanero (Andropogon gayanus Kunt) cosechado a diferentes edades de rebrote (ER: 7,14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 y 56 d), en dos periodos de crecimiento, época de sequía con riego y época de lluvias. Las ER (tratamientos) se asignaron a cuatro unidades experimentales de 3 m2, mediante un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. En ambos periodos de crecimiento, la densidad de tallos se incrementó hasta los 28 días de rebrote posteriormente, disminuyó hasta el final del estudio con mayor intensidad durante el periodo de sequía con riego respecto al de lluvias (325 y 378 tallos m-2, respectivamente). Hubo mayor aparición y muerte de tallos en el periodo de sequía con riego (97 a 100 tallos semana-1). El índice de estabilidad de la población fue mayor o próximo de uno durante la sequía con riego, mientras que, en lluvias a partir de los 42 días de rebrote, este fue menor que uno. En conclusión, se obtuvo que edades de rebrote de 7 a 28 días no se compromete la estabilidad poblacional de tallos y favorece la persistencia de las praderas. Mayores edades de rebrote durante las lluvias no permiten recuperar la población de tallos, lo que propicia inestabilidad de la población

In vitro fermentative characteristics and chemical quality of tanzania grass with organic and chemical fertilization

Objective: To evaluate the chemical quality and in vitro fermentative characteristics to find the optimum cutting point of Panicum maximum cv. tanzania grass under four fertilization schemes. Methodology: The grass was tanzania, which received chemical (F1), vermicompost (F2), compost (F3) and compost+lixiviate (F4) fertilizations. The grass was cut at 20, 35, 50, 50, 65, 80 and 105 days. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), dry matter (DMD), NDF (NDFD) and ADF (ADFD) degradations and in vitro gas production were determined. The experimental design was a 4x6 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized system with fertilization and days of cutting as factors. Results: F3-65, F1-65, F4-80 and F1-8 d higher NDF content; F1-65 d higher ADF; F1-20 d higher CP (p≤0.05). F4-50 and F2-50 d higher gas production; F4-20, F4-35, F4-50, F2-20, F2-35, F1-20 d higher DMD, F2-20 and F4-20 d higher NDFD; F4-20, F4-35, F4-65 and F2-20 d higher ADFN (p≤0.05). Limitations/implications: Lack of previous research studies on organic fertilization of tanzania. Conclusions: Fertilization with vermicompost or compost+lixiviate improve chemical content, in vitro gas production and degradations of tanzania gras