¿El norte en peligro? : procesos de Securitización en el Ártico

Con el derretimiento del manto de hielos que cubren al Ártico, el acceso a los recursos naturales que se encuentran enterrados bajo su suelo marino resultara posible en un futuro. Ante esta posibilidad, Rusia ha comenzado en 2007 una campaña para ampliar su soberanía en dicho territorio, acompañada de una gran inversión armamentística y un avance militar en el High North. Observando la creciente tensión militar en la región, se evaluará si se está llevando a cabo un proceso de securitización como respuesta al avance militar ruso por parte de dos países nórdicos: Noruega y Finlandia. Se analizaran ambas respuestas a la luz de los tres elementos centrales de la teoría de securitización – movimiento securitizador, aceptación de la audiencia y medidas extraordinarias – desarrollada por la Escuela de Copenhague y se concluirá en qué parte del espectro de dicha teoría se posicionan. Así, se determina que, mientras Noruega no llega a completar el proceso de securitización, sino que el conflicto termina siendo politizado, Finlandia resolverá el problema a través de los mecanismos de política normal de su Estado

Análisis y propuesta de mejora del marketing Mix para la empresa I.E.I.P. Rayitos del Sol

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Economía y Planificación. Departamento Académico de Gestión EmpresarialEn el presente trabajo de titulación se desarrolla el caso de la I.E.I.P. Rayitos del Sol, la cual brinda una educación integral y sobre todo basada en valores a niños en edades entre los 3 y 5 años. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue realizar un Análisis del Marketing Mix actual de la Institución Educativa Inicial Privada Rayitos del Sol y elaborar propuestas de mejora para sus componentes más críticos. Los objetivos específicos determinan identificar las necesidades de los clientes actuales y potenciales, y realizar el presupuesto del costo monetario de la propuesta de mejora. La metodología empleada para el desarrollo de la investigación contempló visitas a las instalaciones de la Institución Educativa, entrevistas con el personal en todos los niveles, encuestas a los padres de familia de la institución como también con los de la competencia, observaciones del entorno y la revisión de documentación interna como herramientas para la recolección de datos; posteriormente dicha información fue utilizada para realizar el análisis interno y del entorno utilizando las herramientas de análisis general y de gestión. Del análisis del Marketing Mix, se encontró que existe una deficiente gestión del servicio y promoción, además de la amenaza por la competencia directa e indirecta que podría verse reflejado en una disminución en los matriculados. Como consecuencia, se elaboraron propuestas de mejora para cada punto crítico, donde resaltan: la mejora de la organización por parte de la dirección y del servicio otorgado, además de brindar nuevos servicios atendiendo las necesidades inmediatas de los clientes externos y fidelizando a los clientes internos. Adicional a ello, mejoras significativas en la promoción del servicio y aprovechar los atributos que la Institución Educativa tiene. Todo ello va orientado a mantener el nivel de matriculados, además de ayudar a la diferenciación de la competencia por la calidad en el servicio. Se realizó un presupuesto de las herramientas a utilizar para mantener la promoción de forma permanente, además de realizar recomendaciones a nivel de gestión como el incremento de los salarios a los profesores que son los directamente involucrados en la calidad del servicioIn the present work of degree, the case of the I.E.I.P. is developed. Rayitos del Sol, which provides comprehensive education and above all based on values to children between the ages of 3 and 5. The main objective of the research was to carry out an Analysis of the current Marketing Mix of the Initial Educational Institution Rayitos del Sol and to elaborate proposals for improvement for its most critical components. The specific objectives determine to identify the needs of current and potential customers, and make the budget of the monetary cost of the improvement proposal. The methodology used for the development of the research included visits to the facilities of the Educational Institution, interviews with staff at all levels, surveys of the institution's parents as well as those of the competition, observations of the environment and the Review of internal documentation as tools for data collection; Later this information was used to perform internal and environmental analysis using the tools of general analysis and management. From the analysis of the Marketing Mix, it was found that there is a poor management of the service and promotion, in addition to the threat of direct and indirect competition that could be reflected in a decrease in enrollments. As a consequence, improvement proposals were prepared for each critical point, where the following highlights: the improvement of the organization by the management and the service provided, as well as providing new services to meet the immediate needs of external customers and loyalty to internal customers. In addition, significant improvements in the promotion of the service and take advantage of the attributes that the Educational Institution has. All this is aimed at maintaining the level of enrollment, in addition to helping the differentiation of competition for quality in service. We made a budget of the tools to be used to maintain the promotion on a permanent basis, in addition to making recommendations at management level such as increasing salaries to teachers who are directly involved in the quality of the service.Tesi

Effects of linker flexibility on phase behavior and structure of linked colloidal gels

Colloidal nanocrystal gels can be assembled using a difunctional "linker" molecule to mediate bonding between nanocrystals. The conditions for gelation and the structure of the gel are controlled macroscopically by the linker concentration and microscopically by the linker's molecular characteristics. Here, we demonstrate using a toy model for a colloid-linker mixture that linker flexibility plays a key role in determining both phase behavior and structure of the mixture. We fix the linker length and systematically vary its bending stiffness to span the flexible, semiflexible, and rigid regimes. At fixed linker concentration, flexible-linker and rigid-linker mixtures phase separate at low colloid volume fractions in agreement with predictions of first-order thermodynamic perturbation theory, but the semiflexible-linker mixtures do not. We correlate and attribute this qualitatively different behavior to undesirable "loop" linking motifs that are predicted to be more prevalent for linkers with end-to-end distances commensurate with the locations of chemical bonding sites on the colloids. Linker flexibility also influences the spacing between linked colloids, suggesting strategies to design gels with desired phase behavior, structure, and by extension, structure-dependent properties.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, supplementary materia

Sexual and Reproductive Health for Young Adults in Colombia: Teleconsultation Using Mobile Devices

Background: Sexual risk behaviors associated with poor information on sexuality have contributed to major public health problems in the area of sexual and reproductive health in teenagers and young adults in Colombia. Objective: To report our experience with the use of DoctorChat Mobile to provide sexual education and information among university students in Bogota, Colombia, and knowledge about the sexual risk factors detected among them. Methods: A mobile app that allows patients to ask about sexual and reproductive health issues was developed. Sexual and reproductive risk behaviors in a sample of young adults were measured before and after the use of the app through the validated survey Family Health International (FHI) Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BSS) for Use With Adults Between 15 and 49 Years. A nonprobabilistic convenience recruitment was undertaken through the study´s webpage. After completing the first survey, participants were allowed to download and use the app for a 6-month period (intervention), followed by completion of the same survey once again. For the inferential analysis, data was divided into 3 groups (dichotomous data, discrete quantitative data, and ordinal data) to compare the results of the questions between the first and the second survey. The study was carried out with a sample of university students between 18 and 29 years with access to mobile phones. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Results: A total of 257 subjects met the selection criteria. The preintervention survey was answered by 232 subjects, and 127 of them fully answered the postintervention survey. In total, 54.3% (69/127) of the subjects completed the survey but did not use the app, leaving an effective population of 58 subjects for analysis. Of these subjects, 53% (31/58) were women and 47% (27/58) were men. The mean age was 21 years, ranging between 18 and 29 years. The differences between the answers from both surveys were not statistically significant. The main sexual risk behaviors identified in the population were homosexual intercourse, nonuse of condoms, sexual intercourse with nonregular and commercial partners, the use of psychoactive substances, and lack of knowledge on symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV transmission. Conclusions: Although there were no differences between the pre- and postintervention results, the study revealed different risk behaviors among the participating subjects. These findings highlight the importance of promoting high-impact educational strategies on this matter and the importance of providing teenagers and young adults with easily accessible tools with reliable health information, regardless of their socioeconomic status

Copper Chaperone Atox1 Interacts with Cell Cycle Proteins

The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is involved in several processes in the cell cycle, most prominently it facilitates the separation of the sister chromatids during mitosis, before cell division. Because of the key role in the cell cycle, APC is suggested as a putative target for anticancer agents. We here show that the copper chaperone Atox1, known for shuttling copper in the cytoplasm from Ctr1 to ATP7A/B in the secretory pathway, interacts with several APC subunits. Atox1 interactions with APC subunits were discovered by mass spectrometry of co-immunoprecipitated samples and further confirmed using proximity ligation assays in HEK293T cells. Upon comparing wild-type cells with those in which the Atox1 gene had been knocked out, we found that in the absence of Atox1 protein, cells have prolonged G2/M phases and a slower proliferation rate. Thus, in addition to copper transport for loading of copper-dependent enzymes, Atox1 may modulate the cell cycle by interacting with APC subunits

Plan de marketing digital de responsabilidad social de la Minera Marcobre

La empresa minera Marcobre actualmente se encuentra realizando las obras de construcción para iniciar sus operaciones de explotación de cobre en el año 2020 (etapa de producción) por los próximos 16 años con una producción promedio de 90,000 toneladas de cobre anuales. La mina se ubica en la localidad de San Juan de Marcona, zona de influencia directa, por lo que la empresa ha identificado como una de las principales necesidades de la población el mejorar la empleabilidad generando programas de responsabilidad social que aporten al desarrollo sostenible de la comunidad de Marcona. En consecuencia, el presente plan de marketing digital tiene como objetivo que los programas de responsabilidad social contribuyan con la sostenibilidad de las operaciones de Marcobre en el periodo comprendido entre los años 2020 y 2022. Como consecuencia de las investigaciones y análisis realizados se sugiere que Marcobre realice programas para generar emprendimiento local mediante instituciones que dictan cursos con enfoque de emprendimiento y negocios dirigido a los jóvenes de 16 a 25 años, segmento que más utiliza los canales digitales. Así, el subprograma Líderes Emprendedores del programa Marcona Sabe tiene como propuesta de valor generar oportunidades de crecimiento y aprendizaje para los jóvenes que mejoren su calidad de vida. Por último, de acuerdo a la evaluación financiera la propuesta contenida en esta tesis es viable dando como resultado un EBITDA de US $314’313,719 para el año 2021 y de US$ 314’299,342 para el año 2022, considerando que el plan permitirá contribuir con la sostenibilidad de las operaciones de Marcobre y difundir los esfuerzos de la minera con la sostenibilidad de Marcona.The mining company Marcobre is currently carrying out construction works to begin its copper exploitation operations in the year 2020 (production stage) for the next 16 years with an average production of 90,000 tons of copper per year. The mine is located in the town of San Juan de Marcona, an area of direct influence, so the company has identified as one of the main needs of the population to improve employability by generating social responsibility programs that contribute to the sustainable development of the Marcona community. Consequently, this digital marketing plan aims to ensure that social responsibility programs contribute to the sustainability of Marcobre's operations in the period between 2020 and 2022. As a result of the research and analysis carried out, it is suggested that Marcobre Make programs to generate local entrepreneurship through institutions that teach courses with a focus on entrepreneurship and business aimed at young people aged 16 to 25, a segment that uses digital channels the most. Thus, the Entrepreneurs Leaders subprogram of the Marcona Sabe program has the value proposition to generate growth and learning opportunities for young people that improve their quality of life. Finally, according to the financial evaluation, the proposal contained in this thesis is viable, resulting in an EBITDA of US$314’313,719 on the year 2021 and US$ 314’299,342 on the year 2022, considering that the plan will contribute to the sustainability of the Marcobre operations and disseminate the efforts of the mining company with the sustainability of Marcona.Tesi

A self-degradable hydrogel sensor for a nerve agent tabun surrogate through a self-propagating cascade

Nerve agents that irreversibly deactivate the enzyme acetylcholin- esterase are extremely toxic weapons of mass destruction. Thus, developing methods to detect these lethal agents is important. To create an optical sensor for a surrogate of the nerve agent tabun, as well as a physical barrier that dissolves in response to this analyte, we devise a network hydrogel that decomposes via a self-propagating cascade. A Meldrums acid-derived linker is incor- porated into a hydrogel that undergoes a declick reaction in response to thiols, thereby breaking network connections, which re- leases more thiols, propagating the response throughout the gel. A combination of chemical reactions triggered by the addition of the tabun mimic initiates the cascade. The dissolving barrier is used to release dyes, as well as nanocrystals that undergo a spontaneous aggregation. Thus, this sensing system for tabun generates a phys- ical response and the delivery of chemical agents in response to an initial trigger.This work was supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials: an NSF Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) under Cooperative Agreement DMR-1720595 and NMR instruments obtained through NIH grant 1 S10 OD021508- 01. For this project, S.A.V. received funding from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-1610403). Additional funding for this project came from the Welch Foundation (F-1848 and F-1696). E.V.A. acknowledges support from the Welch Regents Chair (F-0046). D.-H.L. acknowledges support from ROKA. M.O. received support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers.Center for Dynamics and Control of Material

Colorimetric quantification of linking in thermoreversible nanocrystal gel assemblies

Nanocrystal gels can be responsive, tunable materials, but designing their structure and properties is challenging. By using reversibly bonded molecular linkers, gelation can be realized under conditions predicted by thermody- namics. However, simulations have offered the only microscopic insights, with no experimental means to monitor linking leading to gelation. We introduce a metal coordination linkage with a distinct optical signature allowing us to quantify linking in situ and establish structural and thermodynamic bases for assembly. Because of coupling between linked indium tin oxide nanocrystals, their infrared absorption shifts abruptly at a chemically tunable gelation temperature. We quantify bonding spectroscopically and use molecular simulation to understand temperature-dependent bonding motifs, revealing that gel formation is governed by reaching a critical number of effective links that extend the nanocrystal network. Microscopic insights from our colorimetric linking chemistry enable switchable gels based on thermodynamic principles, opening the door to rational design of programmable nanocrystal networks.We would like to thank the University of Texas at Austin Mass Spectrometry and NMR Facility for the use of the Bruker AVANCE III 500: NIH grant number 1 S10 OD021508-01 and the Texas Materials Institute for the use of the SAXSLAB Ganesha, acquired using an NSF MRI grant CBET-1624659. We thank the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) at the University of Texas at Austin for HPC resources. Funding: This research was primarily supported by the National Science Foundation through the Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials: an NSF Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (NSF MRSEC) under Cooperative Agreement DMR-1720595. E.V.A. acknowledges support from the Welch Regents Chair (F-0046). D.J.M. and T.M.T. also acknowledge support by the Welch Foundation (F-1696 and F-1848). This work was also supported by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowships (DGE-1610403) to S.A.V. and Arnold O. Beckman Postdoctoral Fellowship to Z.M.S.Center for Dynamics and Control of Material

De novo variants predicting haploinsufficiency for DIP2C are associated with expressive speech delay.

The disconnected (disco)-interacting protein 2 (DIP2) gene was first identified in D. melanogaster and contains a DNA methyltransferase-associated protein 1 (DMAP1) binding domain, Acyl-CoA synthetase domain and AMP-binding sites. DIP2 regulates axonal bifurcation of the mushroom body neurons in D. melanogaster and is required for axonal regeneration in the neurons of C. elegans. The DIP2 homologues in vertebrates, Disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A), Disco-interacting protein 2 homolog B (DIP2B), and Disco-interacting protein 2 homolog C (DIP2C), are highly conserved and expressed widely in the central nervous system. Although there is evidence that DIP2C plays a role in cognition, reports of pathogenic variants in these genes are rare and their significance is uncertain. We present 23 individuals with heterozygous DIP2C variants, all manifesting developmental delays that primarily affect expressive language and speech articulation. Eight patients had de novo variants predicting loss-of-function in the DIP2C gene, two patients had de novo missense variants, three had paternally inherited loss of function variants and six had maternally inherited loss-of-function variants, while inheritance was unknown for four variants. Four patients had cardiac defects (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrial septal defects, and bicuspid aortic valve). Minor facial anomalies were inconsistent but included a high anterior hairline with a long forehead, broad nasal tip, and ear anomalies. Brainspan analysis showed elevated DIP2C expression in the human neocortex at 10-24 weeks after conception. With the cases presented herein, we provide phenotypic and genotypic data supporting the association between loss-of-function variants in DIP2C with a neurocognitive phenotype