De deux séries interdiscursives : titres et amusement

Cet article détaille deux grands codes propres à la mise en discours de la jeunesse sous la rubrique « Dans nos écoles » du journal franco-manitobain La Liberté. L’auteur vise à montrer à quel point le code des titres et celui du « fun », du « bonheur », du « cool » et de l’« amusant » reposent sur une forme d’interdiscursivité à la faveur de laquelle les publi-reportages assument une fonction informative tout en entretenant des liens de solidarité sémantique forts avec le discours publicitaire de la société de consommation. En effet, la représentation des jeunes fait l’objet de cette intertextualité généralisée, et ce, par différents biais que cet article cherche à mettre en évidence.This article delves into two important codes used specifically in dealing with youth, particularly in the segment “Dans nos écoles”, in La Liberté, the Franco-Manitoban newspaper. The author demonstrates to what extent the code used for titles and the one linked to notions of “fun”, “happiness”, “cool” and “pleasure”, are all connected to a type of interdiscursivity through which advertorials take on informative functions, while at the same time creating strong links of semantic solidarity with the discourse of publicity in a consumer society. Indeed, the representation of youth becomes the object of this generalised intertextuality, and does so, by using different methods this study hopes to highlight

Du sang et des femmes. Histoire médicale de la menstruation à la Belle Époque

Depuis longtemps, les médecins se sont intéressés au phénomène de la menstruation, qui renvoie au mystère de l’» éternel féminin ». À la fin du XIXe siècle, le discours médical sur les règles recoupe encore sur bien des points les préjugés populaires, notamment en ce qui concerne l’impureté du sang menstruel. Les médecins toutefois ne sont pas unanimes : perçue par certains comme un garant de l’équilibre féminin, une « saignée naturelle » indispensable à la bonne santé de la femme, la menstruation est stigmatisée par d’autres comme un état pathologique induisant chez la femme indisposée des troubles aussi bien physiologiques que psychologiques. La question des règles est ainsi révélatrice d’a priori qui sont tout autant masculins que médicaux, et le discours des médecins ne fait qu’apporter une caution qui se veut scientifique à la perception de la femme comme une éternelle malade, étroitement soumise à son destin biologique.Physicians have long been interested in menstruation, which bears a tight relation to the mystery of femininity itself. At the end of the XIXth century, physicians were as prejudiced as the rest of the population as far as periods were concerned : they thought for instance that menstrual blood was impure. Physicians however were not unanimous. For some of them, menstruation was essential to the equilibrium of women. For others on the contrary, monthly periods were a time of physical and mental disorders. This opinion reveals the deepness of the prejudice against women : physicians just gave a so-called scientific backing to what was commonly thought, i.e. that women were ill creatures, tightly submissive to their biological fate

Histamine treatment induces rearrangements of orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) in human AQP4-expressing gastric cells

To test the involvement of the water channel aquaporin (AQP)-4 in gastric acid physiology, the human gastric cell line (HGT)-1 was stably transfected with rat AQP4. AQP4 was immunolocalized to the basolateral membrane of transfected HGT-1 cells, like in native parietal cells. Expression of AQP4 in transfected cells increased the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) from 2.02 ± 0.3 × 10−4 to 16.37 ± 0.5 × 10−4 cm/s at 20°C. Freeze-fracture EM showed distinct orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs), the morphological signature of AQP4, on the plasma membrane of AQP4-expressing cells. Quantitative morphometry showed that the density of OAPs was 2.5 ± 0.3% under basal condition and decreased by 50% to 1.2 ± 0.3% after 20 min of histamine stimulation, mainly due to a significant decrease of the OAPs number. Concomitantly, Pf decreased by ∼35% in 20-min histamine-stimulated cells. Both Pf and OAPs density were not modified after 10 min of histamine exposure, time at which the maximal hormonal response is observed. Cell surface biotinylation experiments confirmed that AQP4 is internalized after 20 min of histamine exposure, which may account for the downregulation of water transport. This is the first evidence for short term rearrangement of OAPs in an established AQP4-expressing cell line

MR imaging of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers: evaluation of 38 patients with chronic joint disability

Objective: To report the MR imaging findings of painful injured metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the fingers. Design and patients: MR imaging of 39 injured MCP joints in 38 patients was performed after a mean delay of 8.8months. The MR images were obtained with the fingers in extended and flexed positions using T2-weighted and T1-weighted sequences before and after intravenous injection of a gadolinium compound. Ten patients were treated surgically. Mean clinical follow-up was 1.8years. Results: Tears of the collateral ligaments were the most common lesion (30/39), most being radial in location. Contrast-enhanced axial T1-weighted images with the MCP joint in a flexed position showed these lesions optimally. Ten tears were partial and 20 were complete. In 13 patients, MR images showed 17 associated lesions including injuries of the extensor hood (10/17), interosseous tendon (3/17), palmar plate (3/17), and an osteochondral lesion (1/17). Sagittal MR images were essential to highlight palmar plate tears. Conclusion: Partial or complete tears of the collateral ligaments are prevalent MR imaging findings in patients with chronic disability resulting from injuries to the MCP joints. Although conservative treatment generally is sufficient for isolated injuries of the collateral ligaments, surgical repair is often required in cases of more extensive injuries. MR imaging may clearly delineate associated lesions of and about the MCP joint

Dementia-related adverse events in PARADIGM-HF and other trials in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Aims: Inhibition of neprilysin, an enzyme degrading natriuretic and other vasoactive peptides, is beneficial in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), as shown in PARADIGM-HF which compared the angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan with enalapril. As neprilysin is also one of many enzymes clearing amyloid-β peptides from the brain, there is a theoretical concern about the long-term effects of sacubitril/valsartan on cognition. Therefore, we have examined dementia-related adverse effects (AEs) in PARADIGM-HF and placed these findings in the context of other recently conducted HFrEF trials. Methods and results: In PARADIGM-HF, patients with symptomatic HFrEF were randomized to sacubitril/valsartan 97/103 mg b.i.d. or enalapril 10 mg b.i.d. in a 1:1 ratio. We systematically searched AE reports, coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA), using Standardized MedDRA Queries (SMQs) with ‘broad’ and ‘narrow’ preferred terms related to dementia. In PARADIGM-HF, 8399 patients aged 18–96 years were randomized and followed for a median of 2.25 years (up to 4.3 years). The narrow SMQ search identified 27 dementia-related AEs: 15 (0.36%) on enalapril and 12 (0.29%) on sacubitril/valsartan [hazard ratio (HR) 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33–1.59]. The broad search identified 97 (2.30%) and 104 (2.48%) AEs (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.75–1.37), respectively. The rates of dementia-related AEs in both treatment groups in PARADIGM-HF were similar to those in three other recent trials in HFrEF. Conclusion: We found no evidence that sacubitril/valsartan, compared with enalapril, increased dementia-related AEs, although longer follow-up may be necessary to detect such a signal and more sensitive tools are needed to detect lesser degrees of cognitive impairment. Further studies to address this question are warranted

Abundances of Refractory Elements for G-type Stars with Extrasolar Planets

We confirm the difference of chemical abundance between stars with and without exoplanet, as well as present the relation between chemical abundances and the physical properties of exoplanets such as planetary mass and semi-major axis of planetary orbit. We have obtained the spectra of 52 G-type stars with BOES (BOAO Echelle Spectrograph) and carried out the abundance analysis for 12 elements of Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni. We first have found that the [Mn/Fe] ratios of planet-host stars are higher than those of comparisons in the whole metallicity range, and in metal-poor stars of [Fe/H] $<$ -0.4, the abundance difference have been larger than in metal-rich samples, especially for the elements of Mg, Al, Sc, Ti, V, and Co. When examined the relation between planet properties and metallicities of planet-host stars, we have observed that planet-host stars with low-metallicity tend to bear several low-mass planets ($< M_J$) instead of a massive gas-giant planet.Comment: 49 pages, 10 figures, 6 table

Mini invasive axillary approach and arthroscopic humeral head interference screw !xation for latissimus dorsi transfer in massive and irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears.

Abstract: As the number of shoulder surgeries is increasing, the challenges of treating the massive and irreparable rotator cuff tears pose an operative challenge for the shoulder surgeons. The purpose of this study is to propose a new mini invasive axillary incision (5 cm) for harvesting latissimus dorsi (LD) tendon and arthroscopic-assisted interference screw fixation of the transfer on the humeral head for the treatment of massive and irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. We describe our technique. The incision is minimized with the help of ultrasound Doppler-guided identification of the LD pedicle preoperatively. This study also makes clear how to maintain the tension on the pedicle of the LD uniform before and after the fixation of the transfer. During our experience of 17 cases from November 2007 to July 2009, we had good-to-excellent results in patient satisfaction. The clinical outcomes were not indifferent from the other methods of fixation. Key Words: latissimus dorsi transfer, massive irreparable posterosuperior cuff tear, iterative cuff tear, interferrence screw latissimus dorsi fixation, arthroscopic latissimus dorsi fixation, mini invasive axillary approach (Tech Should Surg 2010;11: 8--14) T he incidence of the challenges for massive and irreparable rotator cuff tears is on the raise in the patients attending shoulder specialty centers for surgery. Some of these patients have already been operated by open or arthroscopic technique even before the age of 50 years. Gerber et al 1 is the first to publish the latissimus dorsi (LD) tendon transfer for the treatment of these massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. The LD flap is well known and widely used in other specialties such as breast reconstructions and paralytic shoulder owing to birth palsy in pediatric orthopedics. 2 Gerber 3 and Gerber et al 4 discussed in detail regarding the indications and contraindications for the LD transfer. He concluded that when posterosuperior rotator cuff tears were associated with subscapularis tears, the LD transfer is contraindicated. Other authors 5-10 also confirmed bad results in case of subscapularis tears, deltoid anterior deficit, proximal migration of the humeral head, preoperative poor function of the shoulder, and as a salvage procedure. Whereas the patient selection plays an important role in success of this transfer, it remains a viable and effective option for younger patients with massive and irreparable rotator cuff tears. Moreover, constantly great tuberosity is fragile owing to earlier surgery or lack of mechanical stimulus chronically by the absence of rotator cuff musculature. The technical difficulties of fixation of the LD transfer on to osteoporotic bone need to be studied in detail. Gerber et al 1 fixed the transfer to the subscapularis with transosseous sutures. Warner and Parson 6 fixed the transfer on to the greater tuberosity by transosseous sutures. Habermeyer et al, We hypothesized that the reasons for failures of this transfer were not only owing to invasive and open surgery (new deltoid injury), but also owing to lack of adequate strong and stable fixation of the LD tendon on to the greater tuberosity. From the experience of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction of the knee and from the work of Boileau et al 14 in the tenodesis of long head of biceps into the humeral head, we describe a new mini invasive technique for harvesting the LD tendon, new technique of fixation by tubularization, and interference screw (IFS) fixation into a bone tunnel made in the humeral head. This fixation initially carried out by open procedure now switched to arthroscopically assisted procedure as our experience increased and it was more advantageous. This procedure is a viable alternative to the existing techniques in the hands of surgeon who is skilled in arthroscopic management of shoulder pathology. The specific biomechanical study conducted under the guidance of Jean Grimberg (personal communication) has concluded that the IFS fixation of the LD transfer on the humeral head is equal or slightly better than the multiple anchor fixation technique. Various studies OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE The patient is in lateral position with shoulder in 30 degrees abduction, slightly tilted toward the back, and a 3 kg traction. The operative position allows free wide access to the shoulder, entire scapula, and its apex as this transfer needs free movement of shoulder and arm. This position also allows easy shifting over from open axillary approach for LD tendon harvesting to shoulder arthroscopic fixation of the transfer. It is important at this point to mention that the LD muscle neurovascular pedicle enters from the medial and under surface of the muscle from about 10 cm from humeral insertion of the LD tendon and 2 cm from the lateral scapular border. The exac

Transiting Exoplanet Studies and Community Targets for JWST's Early Release Science Program

The James Webb Space Telescope will revolutionize transiting exoplanet atmospheric science due to its capability for continuous, long-duration observations and its larger collecting area, spectral coverage, and spectral resolution compared to existing space-based facilities. However, it is unclear precisely how well JWST will perform and which of its myriad instruments and observing modes will be best suited for transiting exoplanet studies. In this article, we describe a prefatory JWST Early Release Science (ERS) program that focuses on testing specific observing modes to quickly give the community the data and experience it needs to plan more efficient and successful future transiting exoplanet characterization programs. We propose a multi-pronged approach wherein one aspect of the program focuses on observing transits of a single target with all of the recommended observing modes to identify and understand potential systematics, compare transmission spectra at overlapping and neighboring wavelength regions, confirm throughputs, and determine overall performances. In our search for transiting exoplanets that are well suited to achieving these goals, we identify 12 objects (dubbed "community targets") that meet our defined criteria. Currently, the most favorable target is WASP-62b because of its large predicted signal size, relatively bright host star, and location in JWST's continuous viewing zone. Since most of the community targets do not have well-characterized atmospheres, we recommend initiating preparatory observing programs to determine the presence of obscuring clouds/hazes within their atmospheres. Measurable spectroscopic features are needed to establish the optimal resolution and wavelength regions for exoplanet characterization. Other initiatives from our proposed ERS program include testing the instrument brightness limits and performing phase-curve observations.(Abridged)Comment: This is a white paper that originated from an open discussion at the Enabling Transiting Exoplanet Science with JWST workshop held November 16 - 18, 2015 at STScI (http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/science/exoplanets). Accepted for publication in PAS

Tumor-derived exosomes confer antigen-specific immunosuppression in a murine delayed-type hypersensitivity model

Exosomes are endosome-derived small membrane vesicles that are secreted by most cell types including tumor cells. Tumor-derived exosomes usually contain tumor antigens and have been used as a source of tumor antigens to stimulate anti-tumor immune responses. However, many reports also suggest that tumor-derived exosomes can facilitate tumor immune evasion through different mechanisms, most of which are antigen-independent. In the present study we used a mouse model of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and demonstrated that local administration of tumor-derived exosomes carrying the model antigen chicken ovalbumin (OVA) resulted in the suppression of DTH response in an antigen-specific manner. Analysis of exosome trafficking demonstrated that following local injection, tumor-derived exosomes were internalized by CD11c+ cells and transported to the draining LN. Exosome-mediated DTH suppression is associated with increased mRNA levels of TGF-β1 and IL-4 in the draining LN. The tumor-derived exosomes examined were also found to inhibit DC maturation. Taken together, our results suggest a role for tumor-derived exosomes in inducing tumor antigen-specific immunosuppression, possibly by modulating the function of APCs. © 2011 Yang et al