Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy: distinct phenotypes considering aspects neuropsychological, personality traits and variables clinics

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos neuropsicológicos sugerem que indivíduos com EMJ apresentam disfunção executiva além de maior impulsividade, refletindo uma disfunção de lobo frontal. Este estudo teve como objetivos verificar: 1. o desempenho e gravidade de comprometimento das funções executivas; 2. presença de traços de personalidade impulsivos; 3. a correlação entre o desempenho nas funções cognitivas e a expressão de traços de personalidade impulsivos e; 4. se as variáveis da epilepsia se correlacionam com as disfunções executivas e a um pior controle de impulsos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 42 pacientes com EMJ e 42 sujeitos saudáveis pareados por idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico, através de bateria compreensiva de testes neuropsicológicos avaliadores de funções executivas e questionário padronizado de avaliação de traços de personalidade (ITC). RESULTADOS: Pacientes com EMJ tiveram pior desempenho nos testes de atenção imediata, seletiva e sustentada; controle mental e inibitório; flexibilidade mental; fluência verbal; formação de conceitos e manutenção de metas. A disfunção executiva foi moderada/grave em 83,33%. Pacientes com EMJ apresentaram maior expressão dos traços de personalidade impulsivos. A disfunção executiva se correlacionou com o pior controle dos impulsos. Pacientes refratários apresentaram pior disfunção executiva e maior expressão de traços impulsivos. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo demonstra a presença de disfunção atencional e executiva nos pacientes com EMJ, além da presença de traços de personalidade impulsivos. Além disso, verificamos a existência de dois grupos distintos de pacientes, sendo que pacientes mais refratários apresentam-se globalmente comprometidos. Estes achados sugerem que há uma necessidade de melhor caracterização fenotípica dos pacientes com EMJ a fim de incluir endofenótipos visto que nossos resultados demonstram uma possível existência de grupos distintos de pacientes com EMJ.INTRODUCTION: Neuropsychological studies suggest that patients with JME have executive dysfunction and impulsiveness, reflecting a possible frontal lobe dysfunction. This study aimed to verify: 1. the performance and severity of attentional and executive functions; 2. presence of impulsive personality traits; 3. correlation between cognitive performance and the expressions of impulsive personality traits; 4. correlation between epilepsy variables and neuropsychological performance as well as worse impulse control. METHODS: We evaluated 42 patients with JME and a group of 42 control subjects, matched for age, education and socioeconomic status with a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests of attentional and executive functions and a standardized assessment of personality traits (TCI). RESULTS: Patients with JME showed worse performance than controls on tests of attentional span, working memory, inhibitory control, concept formation, maintenance of goals, and verbal fluency. Executive dysfunction was severe/moderate in 83.33%. Patients with JME showed higher expression of personality traits associated with an impaired impulse control. Attentional/executive dysfunction was correlated with poor impulse control. Refractory patients had worse executive dysfunction with an even a greater presence of impulsive personality traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the presence of attentional and executive dysfunction in patients with JME, as well as the presence of impulsive personality traits. We also note the existence of two distinct groups of patients, were more refractory patients appear to present broader impairment. These findings suggest that there is a need for better phenotypic characterization of patients with JME to include diverse phenotypes since our results suggest a possible existence of distinct groups of patients with JME

Depressão em crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia

Epilepsy, a neurological disorder, presents a high frequency of psychiatric disorders, especially depression, which is the most common psychiatric comorbidity in these patients. It's known that depressive disorder may compromise these patient's life more than the severity of epilepsy, pointing to the importance of its diagnosis. However, there are few studies on the prevalence and clinical presentation of depression in childhood and adolescence and none on its treatment. This article aims to study the reasons for the subdiagnosis of this psychiatric disorder and review the evidences for the occurrence of possible common pathogenic mechanisms. For this purpose, we reviewed studies from animal models of epilepsy showing a decreased activity of neurotransmitters, also implicated in the pathogenic mechanisms and treatment of depression. Additionally, we studied the evidences from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies that corroborate the existence of a limbic structure dysfunction - frontal and temporal - in patients with depressive disorders, which apparently also co-exists in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, this article provides evidence that the concept of a cause- consequence relationship demands revision.A epilepsia, uma condição neurológica, apresenta uma freqüência elevada de transtornos psiquiátricos, em especial a depressão, que é a comorbidade psiquiátrica mais comum nesta população. Sabe-se que o transtorno depressivo pode comprometer muito mais a qualidade de vida de um paciente com epilepsia do que a gravidade da doença em si, daí a importância do seu diagnóstico. Entretanto, há poucos estudos sobre a prevalência e apresentação clínica da depressão nas crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia e nenhum sobre o seu tratamento. Este artigo tem como objetivo estudar as razões para o subdiagnóstico deste transtorno psiquiátrico e revisar as evidências para a ocorrência de possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos comuns. Para tal, revisamos estudos em modelos animais de epilepsia que demonstram uma diminuição de neurotransmissores implicados nos mecanismos patogênicos e tratamento da depressão Adicionalmente, estudamos as evidências oferecidas pelos estudos de neuroimagem e neuropsicológicos que corroboram a existência de uma disfunção das estruturas límbicas - frontais e temporais - nos pacientes com transtorno depressivo, que aparentemente também existe em pacientes com epilepsia. Portanto, este artigo de revisão dá evidência de que o conceito de relação causa-efeito para a ocorrência de depressão em pacientes com epilepsia precisa ser revisto

Memory In Children With Symptomatic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

In children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), memory deficit is not so well understood as it is in adults. The aim of this study was to identify and describe memory deficits in children with symptomatic TLE, and to verify the influence of epilepsy variables on memory. We evaluated 25 children with TLE diagnosed on clinical, EEG and MRI findings. Twenty-five normal children were compared with the patients. All children underwent a neuropsychological assessment to estimate intellectual level, attention, visual perception, handedness, and memory processes (verbal and visual: short-term memory, learning, and delayed recall). The results allowed us to conclude: besides memory deficits, other neuropsychological disturbances may be found in children with TLE such as attention, even in the absence of overall cognitive deficit; the earlier onset of epilepsy, the worse verbal stimuli storage; mesial lesions correlate with impairment in memory storage stage while neocortical temporal lesions correlate with retrieval deficits.72184-

Frontal lobe disfunction in children and adolescents with temporal lobe epilepsy and possible correlation with psychiatric disorders

Introduction: There is evidence that individuals with certain types of epilepsy may present cognitive disorders, and that these disorders can be more debilitating than seizures proper. Frontal lobe disorders are reported in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy, carachterized by executive disfunction. Rationale: Literary revision of work concerning the occurence of frontal lobe dysfunction in children and adolescents with temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods: Systematic revision of published literature in PUBMED. Results: Frontal lobe dysfunction has been poorly studied in children with epilepsy, especially in temporal lobe epilepsy. In the only study on the subject, executive deficit was demonstrated. Moreover, children with mesial sclerosis had more deficit in execution/planning than those with frontal or temporal neocortical lesions. Presence of frontal lobe dysfunction, in patients with partial and generalized epilepsy, may corroborate evidence that epilepsy and psychiatric disorders are epiphenomena and not cause effect related phenomena. Conclusion: There are few articles on frontal lobe dysfunction in children with temporal lobe epilepsy. It would be interesting to find out if, and how much this occurs, and if patients with distinct etiologies present different levels of functional disability.Introdução: Há evidências de que pessoas com alguns tipos de epilepsia podem apresentar prejuízos cognitivos, sendo que para alguns pacientes, tais déficits cognitivos podem ser mais debilitantes do que suas crises epilépticas. A disfunção do lobo frontal é relatada em adultos com epilepsia do lobo temporal, caracte­rizada pela disfunção executiva. Objetivo: Rever a literatura sobre a ocorrência de disfunção de lobo frontal em crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia do lobo temporal. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura compulsada no PUBMED. Resultados: A disfunção do lobo frontal tem sido pouco estudada em crianças com epilepsia, em especial com epilepsia do lobo temporal. No único estudo sobre este assunto, demonstrou­se que há um déficit executivo, sendo que as crianças com esclerose mesial têm maiores déficits de execução/ planejamento do que aquelas com lesões neocorticais temporais ou frontais. A presença de uma disfunção do lobo frontal nos pacientes com epilepsia parcial e generalizada pode corroborar as evidências de que epilepsia e transtorno psiquiátrico são epifenômenos e não fenômenos com relação causa efeito. Conclu­sões: Há uma escassez de artigos sobre a disfunção do lobo frontal em crianças com epilepsia do lobo tempo­ral, sendo de interesse saber se esta ocorre e se pacientes com etiologias distintas apresentam diferentes graus de comprometimento destas funções.13113

Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy.

BackgroundGiven the significant impact epilepsy may have on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of individuals with epilepsy and their families, there is increasing clinical interest in evidence-based psychological treatments, aimed at enhancing psychological and seizure-related outcomes for this group. This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review published in Issue 10, 2017.ObjectivesTo assess the impact of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy on HRQOL outcomes.Search methodsFor this update, we searched the following databases on 12 August 2019, without language restrictions: Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), which includes randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials from the Specialized Registers of Cochrane Review Groups including Epilepsy, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 09 August 2019), and PsycINFO (EBSCOhost, 1887 onwards), and from PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We screened the references from included studies and relevant reviews, and contacted researchers in the field for unpublished studies.Selection criteriaWe considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs for this review. HRQOL was the main outcome. For the operational definition of 'psychological treatments', we included a broad range of skills-based psychological treatments and education-only interventions designed to improve HRQOL, seizure frequency and severity, as well as psychiatric and behavioral health comorbidities for adults and children with epilepsy. These psychological treatments were compared to treatment as usual (TAU), an active control group (such as social support group), or antidepressant pharmacotherapy.Data collection and analysisWe used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.Main resultsWe included 36 completed RCTs, with a total of 3526 participants. Of these studies, 27 investigated skills-based psychological interventions. The remaining nine studies were education-only interventions. Six studies investigated interventions for children and adolescents, three studies investigated interventions for adolescents and adults, and the remaining studies investigated interventions for adults. Based on satisfactory clinical and methodological homogeneity, we pooled data from 11 studies (643 participants) that used the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) or other QOLIE inventories (such as QOLIE-89 or QOLIE-31-P) convertible to QOLIE-31. We found significant mean changes for the QOLIE-31 total score and six subscales (emotional well-being, energy and fatigue, overall QoL, seizure worry, medication effects, and cognitive functioning). The mean changes in the QOLIE-31 total score (mean improvement of 5.23 points, 95% CI 3.02 to 7.44; P Authors' conclusionsImplications for practice: Skills-based psychological interventions improve HRQOL in adults and adolescents with epilepsy. Adjunctive use of skills-based psychological treatments for adults and adolescents with epilepsy may provide additional benefits in HRQOL when these are incorporated into patient-centered management. We judge the evidence to be of moderate certainty.Implications for researchInvestigators should strictly adhere to the CONSORT guidelines to improve the quality of reporting on their interventions. A thorough description of intervention protocols is necessary to ensure reproducibility. When examining the effectiveness of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy, the use of standardized HRQOL inventories, such as the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventories (QOLIE-31, QOLIE-31-P, and QOLIE-89) would increase comparability. Unfortunately, there is a critical gap in pediatric RCTs and RCTs including people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities. Finally, in order to increase the overall quality of RCT study designs, adequate randomization with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment should be pursued. As attrition is often high in research that requires active participation, an intention-to-treat analysis should be carried out. Treatment fidelity and treatment competence should also be assessed. These important dimensions, which are related to 'Risk of bias' assessment, should always be reported