Plan estratégico de desarrollo para una comunidad totonaca en México

Food insecurity in Mexico is a problem more frequently found in rural communities. Hence, the main objective of this article was to define a strategic local development plan through production schemes proposed by households of a Totonac indigenous community aimed at satisfying nutritional needs in the community through the use of readily available natural resources. A questionnaire was applied to 328 households in the municipality of Filomeno Mata in Veracruz, Mexico. Small-scale reproduction strategies focused aimed at self-sustainability were formulated through a semi-structured survey, and a cluster analysis was used to determine associated factors. The results suggested a strategic plan of eleven local development strategies that seek to influence the implementation of native foods in the community. Based on the analysis of socioeconomic variables affecting households four groups were defined, and the strategy most likely to succeed for each was determined. Moreover, the strategies presented are linked to processes where social, economic, and cultural practices are closely related. Thus, these actions establish a proposal to satisfy the household food needs in support of price volatility in the food market.En México existe un problema de inseguridad alimentaria que se acentúa con mayor frecuencia en comunidades rurales. El objetivo principal de este artículo fue definir un plan estratégico de desarrollo local a través de estrategias de reproducción propuestas por los hogares de una comunidad indígena totonaca para satisfacer sus necesidades nutricionales en relación con el uso de los recursos naturales que poseen. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 328 viviendas en el municipio Filomeno Mata, Veracruz, México. Se formularon las estrategias de reproducción campesina orientadas a la autosuficiencia alimentaria y se utilizó un análisis de conglomerados para determinar los factores asociados. Los resultados mostraron un plan estratégico de desarrollo local con once estrategias que buscan incidir en la implementación de alimentos nativos en la comunidad. A partir del análisis de las variables socioeconómicas de los hogares, se definieron cuatro grupos y se determinó la estrategia con mayor potencial de éxito en cada uno. Las estrategias presentadas están vinculadas a procesos donde las prácticas sociales, económicas y culturales están estrechamente relacionadas. Éstos conforman una propuesta para la satisfacción de las necesidades alimentarias de los hogares como apoyo a la volatilidad de los precios de los alimentos

Función Cobb-Douglas de la producción de miel en Aguascalientes, México

In beekeeping, honey yield and profits are affected by multiple variables, the influence of which can vary by region. A Cobb-Douglas function was applied to data from a direct survey of beekeepers in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico, to estimate and analyze the economic optimum and input elasticity in honey production. The optimal economic combination for production of one kilogram of honey was 1.045 kg supplementary feed and 0.084 days labor, which generate a maximum profit of $45.38 pesos/kg honey. The production function also identified increasing economies of scale, while substitution elasticity between the inputs supplementary feed and labor was elastic. Application of a Cobb-Douglas type function effectively estimated beekeeping profitability and productivity in the study area.La investigación tuvo como objetivo estimar y analizar tanto el óptimo económico como la elasticidad de los insumos para la producción de miel de abeja, a través de la función tipo Cobb-Douglas. La información se obtuvo por medio de una encuesta directa a productores apícolas del Estado de Aguascalientes. Los resultados muestran que la combinación óptima económica para un kilogramo de miel fue 1.045 kg de alimento y 0.084 jornales, para una ganancia máxima de 45.38$/kg de miel. Además, la función de producción presentó economías crecientes a escala, mientras la elasticidad de sustitución entre los insumos, alimento y jornales, fue elástica. La función de tipo Cobb-Douglas permite medir la rentabilidad y productividad en la apicultura

Análisis de la disponibilidad a pagar por carne de cerdo libre de antibióticos, un enfoque de Experimentos de Elección

Health issues and the production of differentiated foods influence the consumers' decisions and lead them to opt for products with particular organoleptic characteristics. The objective of this research was to estimate the preferences and willingness to pay for antibiotic-free pork in the municipality of Texcoco, State of Mexico, in order to determine the existence or absence of an incentive for the commercialization of antibiotic-free pork. The Discrete Choice Method of Experiments was used. The attributes considered in the design were: color, fat content, and presence of antibiotics. A survey of 196 consumers was carried out for this purpose. The results were analyzed with the NLOGIT 4.0 software, using a mixed logit model. The most valued attribute was antibiotic content, which means that respondents would be willing to pay an additional premium of $30.65 MXN/kg for antibiotic-free pork. It was found that the higher the income and the higher the frequency of pork consumption, the greater the willingness to pay an additional premium for antibiotic-free meat. A WTP of$5.78 MXN was determined for meat with normal fat, and of $3.73 MXN for red meat. Pork consumers in the eastern part of the State of Mexico would be willing to pay an additional premium for antibiotic-free pork and for such quality aspects as fat content and color.Los problemas de salud y la producción de alimentos diferenciados influyen en las decisiones de los consumidores y los orienta a optar por productos con características organolépticas particulares. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar las preferencias y disposición a pagar por carne de cerdo libre de antibióticos en el municipio de Texcoco, Estado de México, para determinar la existencia o no de un incentivo para la comercialización de carne de este tipo. Se utilizó el Método de Experimentos de Elección Discreta. Los atributos considerados en el diseño fueron: color, contenido de grasa y presencia de antibióticos. Para ello se aplicó una encuesta a 196 consumidores. Los resultados se analizaron con el software NLOGIT 4.0, mediante un modelo logit mixto. El atributo más valorado fue contenido de antibióticos, lo que significa que los entrevistados estarían dispuestos a pagar una prima adicional de$30.65 MXN/kg de carne de cerdo libre de antibióticos. Se encontró que, a mayor ingreso y a mayor frecuencia de consumo en carne de cerdo, mayor disposición a pagar una prima adicional por carne libre de antibióticos. Se determinó una DAP de $5.78 MXN por carne con grasa normal y de$3.73 MXN más por carne de color rojo. Los consumidores de carne de cerdo del oriente del Estado de México estarían dispuestos a pagar una prima adicional por carne de cerdo libre de antibióticos y aspectos de calidad como contenido de grasa y color

Housing economic valuation in the metropolitan area of Puebla, Mexico

Objective: The purpose of this research was to identify the sale value of homes in the metropolitan area of the city of Puebla, using the hedonic price technique to determine a model that takes into consideration relevant variables that explain the housing prices.Methodology: An overall problem is land mismanagement. The location of the homes can affect their price. A hedonic price model helps to determine the relative importance of the variables in the final price. This information provides an initial perspective to the people who are interested in acquiring a home in the study area. The model was built based on the information collected from 182 properties and it was analyzed using theSPSS software version 28.0.0.0.Results: The most significant variables that determine housing prices, which presented a multiple valuation coefficient of 64.3%. The effect of the variables on the housing value was determined by means of elasticities.Study Limitations: There were no limitations for this report.Conclusions: The following variables were significant: new home, number of bathrooms, built‐up area, private security, distance to the downtown of Puebla, and distance to a park

Estimation of the water footprint in the production of beef from Euro-pean cattle in Mexico

Objective: The objective of this research is to determine the water footprint of beef from stable production of the Charolais breed, with an established diet, in the municipality of Ezequiel Montes, Querétaro. Design/methodology/approach:  The participation of animal protein in human nutrition is important for the proper development of the organism's functions. The production and consumption of beef has been increasing in recent years, as well as the concern of consumers for the deterioration of the environment and water resources; agriculture and livestock represent 76% of the consumptive use of water in Mexico. In this context, it is important to know the water consumption during meat production and for this purpose the water footprint is estimated. The methodology proposed by Hoekstra was used. Results: The estimated water footprint for beef in this research is 2,972.4 liters per kg, including the blue and green water footprint. Limitations on study/implications: The calculation of the gray footprint is not included. It is an indicator that corresponds to the specific area. Findings/conclusions: There is a difference between the water footprint obtained in this study and those presented in the literature, this may be due to differences in diet and breed of the animal studied, among other reasons.Objective: To determine the water footprint of beef from Charolais cattle subjected to stable production and an established diet. Design/Methodology/Approach: The water footprint was estimated using the methodology proposed by Hoekstra, in which the water footprints of the ingredients of the feed consumed are added to the total volume of water that the animal drank during its life. Results: The estimated water footprint for beef in this research was 2,972.4 liters per kg, including the blue and green water footprint. Study Limitations/Implications: The calculation of the gray water footprint is not included, although it is an indicator of the specific zone. Findings/Conclusions: There is a difference between the water footprint obtained in this study and the footprint reported in the references, perhaps as a result, among other reasons, of the differences in diet and breed of the animals studied

Technological gap in allspice (Pimenta dioica L. Merr) production

Abstrac Objective: The objective of the research was to study the technological features of allspice production, to show potential areas of intervention in the crop. Methodology: The study was carried out in five of 22 producing municipalities in the state of Veracruz selected by non-probabilistic sampling; 50 surveys were applied to producers selected by the snowball method. Were data collected on the profile of the production unit and knowledge - practice of innovations. Were applied descriptive statistics; besides were calculated rates of knowledge and practice and indexes of knowledge and practice; it was made a classification of opportunity areas based on innovation diffusion theory. Results: Allspice occupies small areas and continues in a complementary role; the rates of knowledge and practice show that the categories of marketing, organization, and nutrition are the lowest; in the opposite direction are the categories of harvest, sustainable management, and agronomic management. The categories show areas of opportunity for intervention in less known and practiced innovations; as well as an opportunity for reinvention in the best-known and most practiced categories. Limitations of the study: Due to the difficult access to producer databases, it was decided to carry out a snowball sampling. Conclusion: The increase in knowledge and practice rates are determined by areas of opportunity and the rethinking of the best-known innovations. The role played by allspice, the surface area occupied, and the presence of other commercial crops may be the explanation of the productive state.Objective: To study the technological features of allspice pepper (Pimenta dioica L. Merr) production and to show potential areas of social intervention in the crop. Methodology: The study took place in five of 22 producing municipalities in Veracruz state, Mexico, selected by non-probabilistic sampling; n = 50 surveys were applied to producers selected following the snowball method. Data were collected on profile of the production unit and knowledge-practice for innovations. Descriptive statistics were applied; knowledge-practice rates and knowledge-practice indices were calculated. A classification of areas of opportunity was made based on the diffusion of innovations theory. Results: Allspice occupies small areas, its a complementary crop; knowledge and practice rates show that the categories for marketing, organization and nutrition are the lowest; in the opposite direction are the categories for harvesting, sustainable management and agronomic management. The categories show areas of opportunity for intervention, for the less known and practiced innovations; as well as opportunity for reinvention of known and practiced categories. Study limitations: Due to difficult access to producer databases, it was decided to conduct a snowball sampling method. Conclusions: The increase in knowledge and practice rates are determined by the areas of opportunity and the restructuring of the known innovations. The role played by allspice pepper, the occupied surface and the presence of other commercial crops can explain the state of production

Corn price volatility and producer income protection

Objective: To estimate the indicator of the risk of the future price of yellow corn #2 of the Chicago Futures Exchange in the United States to the spot price of white corn in the main white corn producing regions of Mexico through the financial volatility indicator. Methodology: The research used the returns of the monthly time series for the period January 1998 to December 2020 corresponding to the spot price of white corn for five producer-consumer regions of Mexico and the futures price of yellow corn #2 listed on the Chicago Stock Exchange. To quantify volatility, the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model of order (1,1) was estimated. Results: The volatility indicator for yellow corn turned out to be 0.9870 for the futures price of quality 2 yellow corn. In the case of the spot price of white corn in Mexico, the volatility was 0.0.7977 for the national price; 0.3385 for the central region; 0.3206 for the western region and 0.0078 for the southeastern region, respectively. Implications: The high volatility of yellow corn #, close to unity, shows that the international market for this commodity is riskier than the national market or the regional markets in Mexico. Conclusions: The national white corn market showed to be more risky than the western, central and southeastern regional markets, showing a higher volatility indicator.O Objective: To estimate the risk indicator of the future price of yellow corn #2 at the Chicago Futures Exchange (USA) regarding the spot price of white corn in the main producing regions in Mexico through the financial volatility indicator. Methodology: The research used the returns of the monthly time series corresponding to the spot price of white corn from January 1998 to December 2020, considering five producer-consumer regions of Mexico and the future price of yellow corn #2 as listed on the Chicago Stock Exchange. To quantify volatility, the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model of order (1,1) was estimated. Results: The yellow corn #2 volatility indicator was 0.9870 (future price). In the case of the spot price of white corn in Mexico, the volatility was 0.7977 for the national price, 0.3385 for the central region, 0.3206 for the western region, and 0.0078 for the southeast region. Implications: The high volatility of yellow corn #2 (close to unity) shows that the international market for this commodity is riskier than the national market or regional markets in Mexico. Conclusions: The national white corn market proved to be riskier than the west, center, and southeast regional markets, which have a higher volatility indicator

Análisis de la rentabilidad apícola por estratos en Aguascalientes, México

The present research focused on analyzing the cost structure and profitability in the beekeeping production process. Sampling techniques were utilized to randomly select 56 beekeepers from a total of 230; they were grouped into three strata: producers with 20 to 50 hives (small), 51 to 200 hives (medium), and more than 200 hives (large).  The total economic cost of production was found to be mainly composed of the variable cost, with an average relative share of 55.4 % in the three strata. Feed expenditure is the primary concept, considering that 90.0 % of beekeepers feed sugar or fructose when there are no blossoms to sustain the hive. The fixed cost represents 14.0 % of the total. The largest expenditure was due to the  depreciation  of machinery and field  equipment.  Opportunity  costs represent 30.6 % on average for the three strata. The average yield per hive was 25.4 kg/year. In conclusion, considering the economic analysis, the activity is not viable for stratum I, since it does not consider the value of all the resources involved in the productive process (opportunity costs). Likewise, in this stratum the main income comes from other activities. In financial terms, the activity is viable in all three strata, which indicates that it has the capacity to cover both the fixed and the variable costs. When opportunity costs are included, the fixed and variable costs decrease.La presente investigación se enfocó en analizar la estructura de costos y la rentabilidad en el proceso de producción de la apicultura. A través de técnicas de muestreo, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 56 apicultores de un padrón de 230, mismos que se agruparon en tres estratos: productores de 20 a 50 colmenas (pequeños), 51 a 200 colmenas (medianos) y más de 200 colmenas (grandes).  Se encontró que el costo económico de producción total se compone principalmente por el costo variable, con una participación promedio relativa de 55.4 % en los tres estratos. El gasto en alimentación es el concepto primordial, considerando que, para sostener la colmena, el 90.0 % de los apicultores alimentan con azúcar o fructosa cuando no hay floración. El costo fijo representa el 14.0 % respecto al total, la mayor erogación fue en el rubro de la depreciación en maquinaria y material de campo. Los costos de oportunidad representan el 30.6 % en promedio para los tres estratos. El rendimiento promedio por colmena fue de 25.4 kg/año. En conclusión, considerando el análisis económico, para el estrato I la actividad no es viable, ya que no considera el valor de todos los recursos en el proceso productivo (costos de oportunidad), así mismo en este estrato el ingreso principal proviene de otras actividades. En términos financieros, la actividad es viable en los tres estratos, lo que indica que se tiene la capacidad de cubrir costos fijos y costos variables. Al incluir los costos de oportunidad, los costos fijos y variables disminuyen