Prevalence rates of drug use among school bullies and victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.004Bullying is a common aggressive behaviour in school, with a number of cross-sectional studies showing that it exhibits a high comorbidity with other problem behaviours. The present study aims to estimate the comorbidity of school bullying (perpetration and victimisation) with drug use by incorporating and meta-analysing all available evidence on the cross-sectional association between the two variables. Meta-analytic results are based on a comprehensive systematic review across 20 databases and 46 journals. A total of 61 relevant manuscripts were included in the systematic review. Following explicit methodological criteria for the inclusion/exclusion of reports, 13 of them were eligible for the meta-analysis. The association of school bullying perpetration with drug use (adjusted odds ratio OR = 2.82; 95% CI 1.97–4.02; z = 5.71; p < .001) suggests a very strong relationship. For example, if a quarter of children were bullies and a quarter were drug users, this value of the OR would correspond to 40.88% of bullies being also drug users, compared with 19.71% of non-bullies. The association of school bullying victimisation with drug use (adjusted odds ratio OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.38–2.32; z = 4.41; p < .001) suggests a moderate relationship. For example, if a quarter of children were victims and a quarter were drug users, this value of the OR would correspond to 33.69% of bullied youth also being drug users, compared with 22.1% of non-bullied youth. Adjusted effect sizes are based on study findings that used statistical controls for confounding variables, thus providing the unique association of school bullying with drug use over and above other important risk factors that may explain this association. Implications for policy and intervention research arising from this review are highlighted

Haemoglobin and size dependent constraints on swimbladder inflation in fish larvae

In developmental studies of fish species (especially physostomians) it could be demonstrated, that the lack of haemoglobin during larval and juvenile stages is a relatively common phenomenon. Generally it is linked with body translucency. In representatives of the families Galaxiidae, Osmeridae and Clupeidae, partly reared, partly observed immediately after being caught in the wild, it turned out, that this condition coincides with a considerable delay in swimbladder inflation. To determine the moment of its first inflation, larvae placed in a hermetic chamber were observed under a dissecting microscope. While lowering the pressure, the expanding swimbladder showed whether or not its content is really gaseous. The reason postulated to be responsible for the delayed inflation is that larvae lacking haemoglobin do not have the possibility of oxygen transport to their buoyancy organ by means of the blood. Apart of this, capillarity force calculations and body force estimations show that with decreasing size the constraints linked with surface tension increase overproportionally. While in larger sized larvae like trout we could demonstrate inflation by swallowing air, in species with small larvae this was not the case. Below a certain size, even in physostomians, the ductus pneumaticus is no alternative to the blood pathway for swimbladder inflation

Normas técnicas e documentos de acompanhamento da produção Integrada de maçã- 2º versão.

bitstream/item/60750/1/CNPUV-DOC.33-04.pdf2. ed

What can we do to reduce disciplinary school exclusion? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the evidence for the impact of different types of school-based interventions on the reduction of school exclusion. Methods: A systematic search of 27 databases including published and unpublished literature was carried out between September and December 2015. Eligible studies evaluated interventions intended to reduce the rates of exclusion; targeted children from ages four to 18 in mainstream schools; and reported results of interventions delivered from 1980 onwards. Only randomised controlled trials were included. Two independent reviewers determined study eligibility, extracted data and rated the methodological quality of studies. Results: Based on the thirty-seven studies eligible for meta-analysis, under a random effects model, results showed that school-based interventions significantly reduced school exclusion during the first six months after implementation SMD=.30, 95% CI [.20, .41], p<.001. The impact at follow-up (i.e., 12 or more months) was reduced by half and it was not statistically significant. Heterogeneity was mainly explained by the role of the evaluator: independent evaluators reported lower effect sizes than researchers involved in the design and/or delivery of the intervention. Four approaches presented promising and significant results in reducing exclusion: enhancement of academic skills, counselling, mentoring/monitoring, and skills training for teachers. Conclusions: Results suggest that school-based interventions can be effective in reducing school exclusion in the short term. Some specific types of interventions show more promising and stable results, but, based on the small number of studies involved in our calculations, we suggest that results are interpreted with caution.Nuffield Foundation Beca Chil

Weapon carrying in and out of school among pure bullies, pure victims and bully-victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

Weapon carrying has detrimental effects for perpetrators and victims alike. It is therefore imperative that research efforts are invested into establishing those contextual factors that are associated with this antisocial behavior. This systematic and meta-analytic review investigates the association of weapon carrying with bullying perpetration and victimization inside and outside the school context. Results on pure bullies, pure victims and bully-victims are also presented. Further to extensive searches, across 20 databases and 46 journals, and careful screening of reports, in line with pre-established methodological criteria, a total of 35 manuscripts are included in the meta-analysis. Narrative results based on longitudinal studies are also presented but not meta-analyzed given the variability in study characteristics and the small number of studies. Weapon carrying is significantly associated with both bullying perpetration (adjusted $\textit{OR}$ = 2.64; $\textit{p}$ < 0.001) and victimization (adjusted $\textit{OR}$ = 1.58; $\textit{p}$ < 0.05). Effect sizes are larger when looking at discrete categories of pure bullies (adjusted $\textit{OR}$ = 3.24; $\textit{p}$ < 0.01), pure victims (adjusted $\textit{OR}$ = 1.79; $\textit{p}$ < 0.05) and bully-victims (adjusted $\textit{OR}$ = 5.66; $\textit{p}$ < 0.001) when compared with non-involved school children. Subgroup analyses suggest that pure victims ($\textit{Q}$ = 6.77; $\textit{p}$ < 0.01) and bully-victims ($\textit{Q}$ = 8.01; $\textit{p}$ < 0.01) are significantly more likely to carry a weapon inside than outside the school, thus rendering support to the ‘vulnerability/self-protection’ hypothesis. Pure bullies have the same odds of carrying a weapon inside and outside the school context ($\textit{Q}$ = 0.60; $\textit{p}$ = 0.44), supporting a persistent antisocial personality theoretical framework. Implications for policy and practice arising from our results are discussed

Convincing the Mummy-ji: improving mother-in-law approval of family planning in India

Mothers-in-law, especially those in South Asia, can exert significant influence over women, often even more so than women's husbands or other household members. Using data from rural India, we first show that mothers-in-law are more likely than husbands to (i) disapprove of women's family planning use and (ii) want women to have more children, particularly sons, than women themselves want. Next, using a field experiment, we show that providing women with vouchers for subsidized family planning services not only enabled them to initiate discussions about family planning with their mothers-in-law but also increased their mothers-in-law's approval of family planning.Accepted manuscrip

Development of Glomerella leaf spot is enhanced in virus-infected Maxi Gala apples.

Apples are commercially grown in Brazil in a subtropical environment that favors the development of fungal diseases such as Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) caused mainly by Glomerella cingulata (anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of mixed infections by Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) on the infection and the colonization processes of C. gloeosporiodes in cv. Maxi Gala plants. Leaves of 16-month-old potted plants were spray-inoculated and both the disease incidence and lesion count were monitored over time and leaf severity was assessed in the final evaluation using an image analysis tool. Results showed that initial infection estimated from a monomolecular model fitted to progress of lesion count was higher and the incubation period (time to reach 50% incidence) was on average 10 h shorter in virus-infected plants compared to non-infected plants. It is hypothesized that initial events such as conidial germination and fungal penetration into plant cells were facilitated by the presence of viral infection. Also, final GLS severity was significantly higher in the virus-infected plants. Mixed infections by ASGV/ASPV seemed to make apple leaves more susceptible to the initial infection and colonization by C. gloeosporioides

Cancro europeu das pomáceas (Nectria galligena = Neonectria galligena).

O Cancro Europeu é uma doença causada pelo fungo Neonectria galligena que infecta macieiras bem como outras pomáceas e algumas outras espécies de plantas silvestres. No Brasil, está oficialmente reconhecido como Praga Quarentenária Ausente (A I). Devido ao relato da suspeita de focos isolados em pomares de macieiras, tem-se a necessidade de realizar um levantamento para identificá-Ios, delimitar a sua ocorrência e aplicar as medidas de controle recomendadas. Dessa forma, é importante que o produtor juntamente com seu responsável técnico informe à CIDASC sobre a presença de plantas "suspeitas", para que se tenha o dimensionamento real da disseminação da doença em Santa Catarina.bitstream/item/200905/1/13993-2012-p.17.pd

The hypoxia-regulated ectonucleotidase CD73 is a host determinant of HIV latency

Deciphering the mechanisms underlying viral persistence is critical to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Here, we implement a systems approach to discover molecular signatures of HIV latently infected CD4+ T cells, identifying the immunosuppressive, adenosine-producing ectonucleotidase CD73 as a key surface marker of latent cells. Hypoxic conditioning, reflecting the lymphoid tissue microenvironment, increases the frequency of CD73+ CD4+ T cells and promotes HIV latency. Transcriptomic profiles of CD73+ CD4+ T cells favor viral quiescence, immune evasion, and cell survival. CD73+ CD4+ T cells are capable of harboring a functional HIV reservoir and reinitiating productive infection ex vivo. CD73 or adenosine receptor blockade facilitates latent HIV reactivation in vitro, mechanistically linking adenosine signaling to viral quiescence. Finally, tissue imaging of lymph nodes from HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy reveals spatial association between CD73 expression and HIV persistence in vivo. Our findings warrant development of HIV-cure strategies targeting the hypoxia-CD73-adenosine axis

Efecto de diferente dosis de lodo de la crianza de salmones en el cultivo de papa y su efecto residual en ballica anual

Intensive salmon farming generates organic residues which have a potential use in agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three salmon sludge rates on potato ( Solanum tuberosum )crop development and its residual effect on annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ). The field experiment was carried out on an Andisoil from Osorno Serie (Hapludands), located in Osorno (40\ub035'S, 73\ub008'W), Chile. Treatment were three salmon sludge rates (50, 100, 200 t ha-1), a control (no fertilizer), and an inorganic fertilizer treatment. The salmon sludge was incorporated into the soil and then potato tubers cv. Yagana-INIA were planted. After the harvest, an annual ryegrass was seeded. Total potato yield with inorganic fertilizer was 64.3 t ha-1, significantly superior to the results with the salmon sludge rates and the control (P 64 0.05). There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) among the fish sludge rates (45.6 to 47.5 t ha-1)and the control treatment (39.4 t ha-1). In addition, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) on tuber weight, but the number of tubers per plant was different (P 64 0.05). Annual ryegrass yield was significantly different (P 64 0.05) between fertilizer treatments and the control. Salmon sludge did not affect potato or ryegrass yield or development and increased P Olsen and cation exchange capacity in the soil.La producci\uf3n intensiva de salmones genera residuos org\ue1nicos que tienen un uso potencial en suelos agr\uedcolas, existiendo escasa informaci\uf3n publicada de su utilizaci\uf3n. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres dosis de lodo de salm\uf3n en el desarrollo del cultivo de papa( Solanum tuberosum ) y su efecto residual en ballica anual ( Lolium multiflorum ). El ensayo se estableci\uf3 en un suelo Andisol de la serie Osorno (Typic Hapludands), ubicado en Osorno (40\ub035'S, 73\ub008'O), Chile. Los tratamientos fueron tres dosis de lodo (50, 100 y 200 t ha-1), un control (sin fertilizaci\uf3n org\ue1nica e inorg\ue1nica) y un tratamiento de fertilizaci\uf3n inorg\ue1nica. El lodo se incorpor\uf3 al suelo, posteriormente se plant\uf3 papa cv. Yagana-INIA y despu\ue9s de la cosecha se sembr\uf3 ballica anual cv. Sabalan. El rendimiento de papa con fertilizaci\uf3n inorg\ue1nica fue 64,3 t ha-1, superior a los resultados obtenidos con las dosis de lodo y el control (P 64 0,05). No hubo diferencias estad\uedsticas (P &gt; 0,05) entre las distintas dosis de lodo evaluadas (45,6 a 47,5 t ha-1) y tampoco con el control (39,4 t ha-1). No se observaron diferencias (P &gt; 0,05) en el peso por tub\ue9rculo, pero el n\ufamero de tub\ue9rculos por planta fue diferente (P 64 0,05). El rendimiento de ballica anual fue significativamente diferente (P 64 0,05) en los tratamientos fertilizados comparados con el control. El lodo no afect\uf3 la emergencia ni el desarrollo de los cultivos, pero increment\uf3 el contenido de P Olsen y la suma de bases de intercambio en el suelo