PANORAMA OF CHIKUNGUNYA'S INCIDENCE BETWEEN 2014 AND 2017: A COMPARATIVE BETWEEN TOCANTINS AND BRAZIL

Introdução: O Chikungunya vírus é um RNA vírus do gênero Alphavirus, transmitido por vetores Aedes ssp. A partir de 2005, poucos casos clínicos graves e óbitos haviam sido associados a infecção pelo vírus. Quadros graves tornaram-se conhecidos após circulação viral em extensas epidemias. No Brasil, detectou-se transmissão autóctone apenas em 2014 e no Tocantins a partir de 2015. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar e comparar as taxas de incidência (TI) da Chikungunya de 2014 a 2017 do Tocantins e do Brasil. Material e métodos: trata-se de uma avaliação transversal, retrospectiva e descritiva, baseada nos dados fornecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde via Sistema Nacional de Agravos Notificáveis. Foram analisadas as TI de 2014 a 2017 do Tocantins e do Brasil. Resultados: A TI da Chikungunya no Tocantins partiu de 0 em 2014 para 209,9 em 2017, com tendência nos últimos três anos sempre crescente. Já no Brasil, a TI saiu de 0,03 em 2014, atingindo a máxima de 127 em 2016 e queda para 85,8 em 2017. Comparando as TI do Tocantins e Brasil, em 2017, a do estado superou a nacional em 244,63%. Discussão: A inclusão da Chikungunya entre os diagnósticos diferenciais de arboviroses faz com que o sistema de vigilância nacional seja então submetido a dificuldades inerentes às epidemias. A subnotificação e a divergência nos critérios diagnósticos sujeitam por igual os números de casos possíveis. Todavia, o fato da TI crescente no Tocantins não acompanhar a tendência nacional de redução no ano de 2017 pode indicar outros fatores influentes. Condições ambientais, coinfecção, disponibilidade de exames diagnósticos ágeis nos serviços de saúde e eficácia das medidas preventivas poderiam justificar tal dissonância. Conclusão: A situação atual da Chikungunya requer um seguimento mais apurado, e a identificação da divergência na TI entre Tocantins e Brasil pode servir de subsídio para novos estudos.   Palavras-chave: Epidemiologia; Incidência; Infecções por Arbovírus; Sistemas de Informação em Saúde; Vírus Chikungunya. ABSTRACT Introduction: Chikungunya is an RNA virus of the genus Alphavirus, transmitted by Aedes ssp. Since 2005, few serious clinical cases and deaths had been associated with virus infection. Severe conditions became known after viral circulation in extensive epidemics. In Brazil, autochthonous transmission was detected only from 2014, whereas in Tocantins only from 2015. This study aims to evaluate and compare the incidence rates (IR) of Chikungunya from 2014 to 2017 of Tocantins and Brazil. Material and methods: this is a transversal, retrospective and descriptive evaluation, based on data provided by the Ministry of Health via the National System of Notifiable Diseases. IR were analyzed from 2014 to 2017 of Tocantins and Brazil. Results: Chikungunya's IR in Tocantins went from 0 in 2014 to 209.9 in 2017, with an increasing trend in the last three years. In Brazil, IR went from 0.03 in 2014 to 127 in 2016 and fell to 85.8 in 2017. Comparing IR from Tocantins and Brazil in 2017, the state's IR exceeded national by 244,63%. Discussion: The inclusion of Chikungunya among the differential diagnoses of arboviruses makes the national surveillance system to be subjected to difficulties inherent in epidemics. Underreporting and divergence in diagnostic criteria equally subject the number of possible cases. However, the fact that the growing IR in Tocantins does not follow the national reduction trend in the year 2017 may indicate other influential factors. Environmental conditions, coinfection, availability of agile diagnostic tests in health services and efficacy of preventive measures could justify such dissonance. Conclusion: The current situation of Chikungunya requires a more accurate follow-up, and the identification of the divergence in IR between Tocantins and Brazil can serve as a subsidy for new studies. Keywords: Arbovirus Infections; Chikungunya virus; Epidemiology; Health Incidence; Information Systems

Impact of the glyphosate-based commercial herbicide, its components and its metabolite AMPA on non-target aquatic organisms

Glyphosate (GLY) is the active ingredient of several herbicide formulations widely used to control weeds in agricultural and non-agricultural areas. Due to the intensive use of GLY-based herbicides and their direct application on soils, some of their components, including the active ingredient, may reach the aquatic environment through direct run-off and leaching. The present study assessed the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of the GLY-based formulation Atanor 48 (ATN) and its major constituents GLY, surfactant polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), as well as the main metabolite of GLY aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on non-target aquatic organisms. The toxic effects of these chemicals were evaluated in the fish embryo acute toxicity test with zebrafish (Danio rerio), while genotoxic effects were investigated in the comet assays with cells from zebrafish larvae and rainbow trout gonad-2 (RTG-2). GLY and AMPA caused no acute toxic effect, while ATN and POEA induced significant lethal effects in zebrafish (LC50-96 h 76.50 mg/L and 5.49 mg/L, respectively). All compounds were genotoxic in comet experiments with zebrafish larvae (LOEC 1.7 mg/L for GLY, ATN, AMPA and 0.4 mg/L for POEA). Unlike in vivo, only POEA induced DNA damage in RTG-2 cells (LOEC 1.6 mg/L), suggesting that it is a direct acting genotoxic agent. In summary, these data indicate that the lethal effects on zebrafish early-life stages can be ranked in the following order from most to least toxic: surfactant POEA > formulation ATN > active ingredient GLY approximate to metabolite AMPA. Genotoxic effects were observed in both RTG-2 cells (only POEA) and zebrafish (all test compounds) with the lowest tested concentrations. Therefore, it is important to evaluate different toxicological endpoints as well as use different non-target organisms to predict the hazards of GLY-based formulations and their components and breakdown product to aquatic biota84294101CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS - FAPEGFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP465571/2014-0não temnão temnão te

Orientações TCC e Iniciação Científica

Trabalhos dos orientandos da Profa. Denny Thame e materiais para pesquisa de Direito da Informática, da Comunicação, Internacional e Ambiental

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data