Expanding Gender and Expanding the Law: Toward a Social and Legal Conceptualization of Gender that is More Inclusive of Transgender People

In Part I, the article first describes the many different ways in which one can be transgender. Many transgender women and men defy gender stereotypes. Part I next suggests a non-linear view of gender. Often, when we get past the binary gender system, the notion that there are only two genders, female and male, we do so by seeing gender as a spectrum or line running from female to male. In Part II, the article argues that the sex-gender distinction is not part of the new conceptualization of gender, the gender galaxy. In Part III, after a brief overview of transgender law, the article shows how much of current law and policy is, at best, inclusive and protective of only a portion of the transgender communities

Battlefield transfers in coalitional Blotto games

In this work, we consider the framework of coalitional Blotto games in which two players compete against a common adversary by allocating their budgeted resources across disjoint sets of valued battlefields; the agent that allocates a higher amount wins the corresponding battlefield value. At the beginning of the game, the budgets of the agents and the values of the battlefields are specified. In the first stage, the players are allowed to perform a battlefield transfer in which one player offloads a number of its battlefields onto the other player. In the second stage, the adversary observes this transfer and determines how to allocate their budget accordingly. Finally, in the third stage, the players and the adversary allocate their budgets to their battlefields, the game is played, and their payoffs are realized. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a battlefield transfer that strictly increases the payoff of each player. We then augment the model, allowing players to not only transfer subsets of battlefields, but also portions of their budget, in the first stage. We also provide sufficient conditions for the existence of a joint transfer of battlefields and budgets. The results demonstrate that in almost all game instances, both players would benefit from such a joint transfer

Strategies for lexical expansion in Algonquian languages

This paper provides an empirical study of word formation and lexical expansion in a set of Algonquian languages, considering 153 terms for each language. These terms range from words that predate European colonialism to more recent forms coined by English L1 speakers. We propose a classification of the methods of lexical innovation, which involves the intersection of a set of grammatical and a set of semantic strategies. By far, the most common means of constructing new terminology that we found in the data combined nominalization with associated-action metonymy (the use of a form denoting an action associated with the object). We discuss challenges to doing such studies, especially the idiosyncrasies of dictionary creation. We also consider how our results can be used in language reclamation, especially immersion programs that need words for concepts in the school curriculum. We do not prescribe a “right” way to develop new vocabulary, but our findings may make explicit some of the intuitions speakers of Algonquian languages have about how the naming of new objects is approached.National Foreign Language Resource Cente

Conséquences de la déprise piscicole sur la richesse spécifique des oiseaux et des Odonates dans des étangs de pisciculture français

Les étangs piscicoles sont des écosystèmes artificiels au sein desquels la biodiversité a été modelée par la pisciculture traditionnelle. Les conséquences d’une déprise piscicole y ont été peu étudiées. Ce travail décrit la variabilité de la richesse spécifique des oiseaux nicheurs et des Odonates, sur des étangs 1) encore gérés par des pisciculteurs, 2) abandonnés depuis 4-10 ans, ou 3) abandonnés depuis plus de 10 ans, en Sologne (région Centre Val-de-Loire ; départements : Cher, Loir-et-Cher, Loiret). La richesse de l’avifaune s’avère être principalement favorisée par le développement des ceintures de végétation aquatiques, mais cet effet positif n’a pas été constaté sur les étangs abandonnés depuis plus de dix ans. Quatre espèces, le Fuligule milouin Aythya ferina, le Fuligule morillon Aythya fuligula, le Grèbe à cou noir Podiceps nigricollis et le Phragmite des joncs Acrocephalus schoenobaenus ont été plus fréquemment trouvées sur les étangs encore gérés pour la pisciculture. Trois d’entre elles sont des benthivores, ce constat pouvant refléter un effet de la présence des Cyprinidés sur la productivité primaire de l’écosystème aquatique. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que la déprise piscicole peut être défavorable à l’avifaune, même si des sites de nidification a priori accueillants sont disponibles. Mais l’on doit souligner que les étangs solognots sont de faible productivité piscicole (≤ 150 kg/ha). Nos observations ne sauraient donc être extrapolées à des étangs de pisciculture intensive. La richesse en Odonates semble dépendre de l’étendue des formations végétales riveraines peu élevées. Aucune des espèces observées ne semble être favorisée par l’absence de Cyprinidés. La préservation des ceintures d’hélophytes bas suffit à maintenir la richesse des étangs, indépendamment de la présence/absence de la pisciculture.Fishponds are anthropogenic aquatic ecosystems where biodiversity is shaped by fish farming practices. Little is known on the consequences of fish farming cessation. This study describes the variation of species richness in breeding birds and Odonates, between ponds either managed for fish farming, or abandoned, for 4-10 years or > 10 years, in Sologne (Centre Val-de-Loire region, central France). Bird species richness was primarily favoured by the extent of littoral helophyte belts but this positive effect was not recorded in ponds without fish farming for more than ten years. Four species: the Pochard Aythya ferina, the Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula, the Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis and the Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus were more frequently found in ponds still stocked with Carp Cyprinus carpio. Three of them were benthivorous divers. We hypothesized that this could reflect a carp effect on the ecosystem productivity. Our results therefore suggest that fish farming demise may be detrimental to birds even though adequate nesting sites remain available. It should be emphasized however that fish farming productivity is low in Sologne (≤ 150 kg/ha). Our observations therefore could not be extrapolated to fish ponds with intensive fish farming. Odonate richness seems to depend on the development of low emergent vegetation. The absence of carp stocking did not correlate with higher frequency for any species. Conservation of low helophyte belts then seems to be the proper management to meet Odonate requirements

Mitral kissing vegetation and acquired aortic valve stenosis secondary to infectious endocarditis in a goat with suppurative mastitis

A six-year-old female goat was presented to the veterinary teaching hospital of the University of the West Indies with a history of progressive hind-limb paresis lasting two weeks. The doe developed a grade 6/6 holosystolic murmur during hospitalisation. Echocardiography revealed vegetative growths attached to cusps of the mitral and aortic valves. Therewas an accelerated aortic flow at 2.9 m/s and aortic insufficiency. The aortic vegetation was prolapsing into the left ventricle during diastole, causing it to contact the septal mitral valve leaflet. A diagnosis of mitral and aortic vegetative endocarditis, with a mitral kissing vegetation and mild aortic stenosis, was reached. The patient was placed on broad-spectrum antimicrobials. A short-term follow-up showed no resolution of clinical signs, and the animal eventually died. Post-mortem examination showed severe vegetative, fibrino-necrotic, aortic and mitral valve lesions. The goat also had a severe fibrino-suppurative mastitis. Histopathology confirmed the lesions to be vegetative endocarditis

Case Report Large Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma Diagnosed upon Radiological Evaluation of Mild Right-Sided Inguinal Hernia

While inguinal hernia is common in the primary care office, the differential diagnosis is extensive and includes infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic processes. Varicocele is another frequent, generally benign condition which occasionally reflects serious disease entities. Left-sided or bilateral varicoceles account for the overwhelming majority of varicoceles because the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein in contrast to the right gonadal vein, which drains directly into the inferior vena cava, thus making left-sided or bilateral venous congestion more likely. Presence of an uncommon unilateral right-sided varicocele thus warrants further radiological workup, in particular CT abdomen and pelvis, to evaluate for retroperitoneal pathology. We describe a case in which appropriate use of a variety of imaging modalities including testicular ultrasound and CT led to an important diagnosis of a large, well-differentiated liposarcoma in the right retroperitoneum of a patient with a right-sided groin mass

Imaging of Burkitt lymphoma in pediatric patients

The imaging procedures utilized at presentation in the diagnostic work-up of 19 children with Burkitt lymphoma were reviewed. The distribution of disease was compared to other tumors of childhood so that the most valuable modalities could be identified. Burkitt lymphoma is a rapidly growing tumor in the child, making it essential to suggest the diagnosis as quickly as possible so that biopsy and treatment can be instigated. The primary area of involvement was abdominal (15 of 19), gastrointestinal, intraperitoneal adenopathy, hepatic and pancreatic without retroperitoneal adenopathy. Pleural effusions were common without hilar and mediastinal adenopathy. This is in contrast to other tumors of childhood where mediastinal and hilar disease in the chest and retroperitoneal node involvement in the abdomen are common. Thus sonography is an excellent imaging modality, easily identifying the extent of the disease and so suggesting the diagnosis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46683/1/247_2006_Article_BF02388718.pd

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