Review Essay: An Ethnography of Pastness Identity Playgrounds and Battlefields in Post-Post-Soviet Estonia

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Sport for Yes? The role of sporting issues in pro-independence political discourse during the Scottish independence referendum campaign

This article critically considers the extent to which sporting issues were harnessed by pro-independence political campaigners during the Scottish independence referendum campaign. Developments such as the inclusion of sport within the Scottish Government’s White Paper on Scottish independence, the establishment of the ‘Working Group on Scottish Sport’ and the establishment of the ‘Sport for Yes’ campaign group demonstrate the harnessing of sporting issues as an additional, if somewhat peripheral, debate point in the referendum campaigns (Lafferty 2014, Scottish Government 2013, Working Group on Scottish Sport and Scottish Government 2013, 2014). The latter of these developments, the establishment of the ‘Sport for Yes’ campaign group, is of particular interest, offering evidence of the explicit political mobilisation of past and present athletes in support of the ‘Yes Scotland’ pro-independence campaign. The use of sport within pro-independence political discourse is therefore scrutinised, drawing upon the principles of critical discourse analysis to explore the ideological assumptions underpinning the discursive representation of sport in relation to Scottish independence

Estimation of P-T entrapment conditions of a subduction fluid using elastic thermobarometry: A case study from Cabo Ortegal Complex, Spain

Fluid and mineral inclusions in metamorphic rocks allow the understanding of fluid-involved processes in subduction-zones providing essential contributions to the nature of geochemical processes and element cycling in present day subduction zones. In this work, we studied ultramafic granulite from the high-pressure (HP) and high-temperature (HT) metamorphic series of the Cabo Ortegal Complex, Spain, combining quartz-in-garnet and zircon-in-garnet Raman spectroscopy-based elastic geothermobarometry with Ti-in-quartz trace element thermometry. The studied quartz and zircon inclusions occur within garnet, together with rutile and multiphase fluid inclusions (MFI). Textural evidence, like occurrence in the same 3D cluster and common intergrowth of mineral inclusions, shows that both crystal inclusions and MFI were likely entrapped simultaneously. Hence, the application of elastic thermobarometry to quartz and zircon inclusions in these rocks provides excellent opportunity to define P-T environment of entrapment. Results from Raman spectroscopy on multiple quartz and zircon inclusions showed that the remnant elastic inclusion pressure (Pinc) at room conditions for both (on average 0.51 ± 0.04 GPa and 0.72 ± 0.05 GPa for the quartz and zircon inclusions, respectively) fall within the range of 2σ uncertainty confirming the crystallization within the same growth-stage of garnet. Intersection of the entrapment isomekes is at a P-T of 1.8 ± 0.2 GPa and 880 ± 70 °C. Electron microprobe measurements on quartz inclusions from the same garnet zone show uniform Ti concentrations (45–59 ppm). Isopleths calculated from Ti-in-quartz thermometer intersect the average quartz-in-garnet isomeke within the P-T range indicated by the intersection of quartz and zircon entrapment isomekes, which is P = 1.8 ± 0.2 GPa and T = 860 ± 70 °C. Besides, we made a comparison of different reference materials applied for zircon-in-garnet elastic thermobarometry verified by independent Ti-in-quartz trace element thermometry. Our findings indicate that elastic thermobarometry on mineral inclusions provide a reliable constraint on the entrapment P-T conditions of coexisting fluid inclusions

Muscle fiber characteristics of competitive power lifters

To examine the skeletal muscle characteristics of power lifters, 5 competitive power lifters (PL; X̄ ± SE; age = 31.0 ± 1.5 years, squat = 287.7 ± 15.7 kg, bench press = 170.5 ± 17.7 kg, and deadlift = 284.2 ± 7.5 kg) and 5 untrained control subjects (CON; age = 27.3 ± 3.3 years) served as subjects. Isokinetic squat force and power was greater (p \u3c 0.05) for the PL at all bar velocities (0.20, 0.82, and 1.43 m · s-1), as was vertical jump height and estimated power. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis m. revealed significant differences for percent fiber type (PL, IIA = 45.5 ± 1.6%, IIB = 1.3 ± 0.8%; CON, IIA = 33.4 ± 3.1%, IIB = 12.0 ± 2.4%); percent fiber type area (PL, IIA = 51.8 ± 1.6%, IIB = 1.3 ± 0.8%; CON, IIA = 43.5 ± 3.4%, IIB = 12.4 ± 2.6%); and percent myosin heavy chain isoform (PL, IIa = 59.5 ± 6.1%; CON, 46.5 ± 2.5%). Muscle fiber characteristics were significantly correlated (r = ± 0.61) with numerous strength and power measures for the PL. These data illustrate the muscle fiber characteristics necessary for the maximal force production requirements of power lifting