Origem das variações de cores das escórias do vulcão Sierra Negra das Ilhas Galápagos

Volcanic cinder, also known as scoria, is an extrusive igneous rock that forms when gas-rich magmas of basaltic or andesitic composition cool quickly. It is typically dark in color, ranging from black to red depending on its chemical composition. Sometimes fresh cinder samples show a variety of shiny metallic colors on its surface ranging from blue to gold to silver. The origin of these colors has remained unknown up to now. Cinder samples from an eruptive event occurred in October 2005 have been collected in the surroundings of the Sierra Negra volcano in the Galápagos Islands. The samples’ crystallographic structure, chemical composition, and surface morphology have been analyzed using X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) and a field gun emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Based on an extensive physical and chemical analysis, we were able to demonstrate that these colors are due to a light interference phenomenon. These results have a great potential to be used for a wide variety of purposes such as determining the temperature and composition of magma and evaluating volcanic samples for planetary studies.Las cenizas volcánicas, también conocidas como escorias, son una roca ígnea extrusiva que se forma cuando los magmas ricos en gas de composición basáltica o andesítica se enfrían rápidamente. Es típicamente de color oscuro, que va del negro al rojo dependiendo de su composición química. A veces las muestras de ceniza fresca muestran una variedad de colores metálicos brillantes en su superficie que van del azul al oro y a la plata, dependiendo de la orientación de la muestra. Hasta ahora, el origen de estos colores ha permanecido desconocido. Muestras de cenizas de un evento eruptivo ocurrido en octubre de 2005, han sido recogidas en los alrededores del volcán Sierra Negra en las Islas Galápagos. La estructura cristalográfica, la composición química y la morfología de la superficie de estas muestras se han analizado utilizando la difracción de rayos X (XRD), la espectroscopia de rayos X de dispersión de energía (EDS) y la microscopia electrónica de barrido con emisión de campo (SEM), respectivamente. Basándonos en un extenso análisis físico y químico, hemos podido demostrar que estos colores se deben a un fenómeno de interferencia de la luz. Estos resultados tienen un gran potencial para ser utilizados para una amplia variedad de propósitos como la determinación de la temperatura y la composición del magma, así como la evaluación de muestras volcánicas para estudios planetarios.As cinzas vulcânicas, também conhecidas como escórias, são uma rocha ígnea extrusiva formada quando os magmas ricos em gás de composição basáltica ou andesítico esfriam rapidamente. É tipicamente de cor escura, que vai do preto ao vermelho, dependendo de sua composição química. Às vezes as amostras de cinza fresca mostram uma variedade de cores metálicas brilhantes em sua superfície que vão do azul ao ouro e à cor prata, dependendo da orientação da amostra. Até o momento, a origem destas cores permanece desconhecida. Amostras de cinzas de um evento eruptivo ocorrido em outubro de 2005, foram recolhidas nos arredores do vulcão Sierra Negra nas Ilhas Galápagos. A estrutura cristalográfica, a composição química e a morfologia da superfície destas amostras foram analisadas por meio da difração de raios X (XRD), da espectroscopia de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDS) e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (SEM), respectivamente. Com base em uma extensa análise física e química, pudemos demonstrar que essas cores se devem a um fenômeno de interferência da luz. Esses resultados têm um grande potencial para serem utilizados com uma ampla variedade de propósitos como a determinação da temperatura e a composição do magma, bem como a avaliação de amostras vulcânicas para estudos planetários

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

Origin of color variations of thin, nano-sized layers of volcanic cinder from the Sierra Negra Volcano of the Galapagos Islands

Volcanic cinder, also known as scoria, is an extrusive igneous rock that forms when gas-rich magmas of basaltic or andesitic composition cool quickly. It is typically dark in color, ranging from black to red depending on its chemical composition. Sometimes fresh cinder samples show a variety of shiny metallic colors on its surface ranging from blue to gold to silver. The origin of these colors has remained unknown up to now. Cinder samples from an eruptive event occurred in October 2005 have been collected in the surroundings of the Sierra Negra volcano in the Galápagos Islands. The samples’ crystallographic structure, chemical composition, and surface morphology have been analyzed using X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) and a field gun emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Based on an extensive physical and chemical analysis, we were able to demonstrate that these colors are due to a light interference phenomenon. These results have a great potential to be used for a wide variety of purposes such as determining the temperature and composition of magma and evaluating volcanic samples for planetary studies.As cinzas vulcânicas, também conhecidas como escórias, são uma rocha ígnea extrusiva formada quando os magmas ricos em gás de composição basáltica ou andesítico esfriam rapidamente. É tipicamente de cor escura, que vai do preto ao vermelho, dependendo de sua composição química. Às vezes as amostras de cinza fresca mostram uma variedade de cores metálicas brilhantes em sua superfície que vão do azul ao ouro e à cor prata, dependendo da orientação da amostra. Até o momento, a origem destas cores permanece desconhecida. Amostras de cinzas de um evento eruptivo ocorrido em outubro de 2005, foram recolhidas nos arredores do vulcão Sierra Negra nas Ilhas Galápagos. A estrutura cristalográfica, a composição química e a morfologia da superfície destas amostras foram analisadas por meio da difração de raios X (XRD), da espectroscopia de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDS) e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (SEM), respectivamente. Com base em uma extensa análise física e química, pudemos demonstrar que essas cores se devem a um fenômeno de interferência da luz. Esses resultados têm um grande potencial para serem utilizados com uma ampla variedade de propósitos como a determinação da temperatura e a composição do magma, bem como a avaliação de amostras vulcânicas para estudos planetários.Las cenizas volcánicas, también conocidas como escorias, son una roca ígnea extrusiva que se forma cuando los magmas ricos en gas de composición basáltica o andesítica se enfrían rápidamente. Es típicamente de color oscuro, que va del negro al rojo dependiendo de su composición química. A veces las muestras de ceniza fresca muestran una variedad de colores metálicos brillantes en su superficie que van del azul al oro y a la plata, dependiendo de la orientación de la muestra. Hasta ahora, el origen de estos colores ha permanecido desconocido. Muestras de cenizas de un evento eruptivo ocurrido en octubre de 2005, han sido recogidas en los alrededores del volcán Sierra Negra en las Islas Galápagos. La estructura cristalográfica, la composición química y la morfología de la superficie de estas muestras se han analizado utilizando la difracción de rayos X (XRD), la espectroscopia de rayos X de dispersión de energía (EDS) y la microscopia electrónica de barrido con emisión de campo (SEM), respectivamente. Basándonos en un extenso análisis físico y químico, hemos podido demostrar que estos colores se deben a un fenómeno de interferencia de la luz. Estos resultados tienen un gran potencial para ser utilizados para una amplia variedad de propósitos como la determinación de la temperatura y la composición del magma, así como la evaluación de muestras volcánicas para estudios planetarios

XVII International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Advanced Science, Technology and Innovation to move towards a new socio-technical system: Sustainable Social Transformation"

Contenido: Approach to the diagnostic of cesarean birth using bio-inspired models. ; Design of a tool in a virtual reality environment to manipulate anatomical models. ; The effect of COVID-19 restrictions on the electricity price forecasting models. ; Depression prevention through artificial intelligence. ; State of the art in Prototypes as complements to the learning of the Colombian Sign Language (LSC). ; A computational proposal for gene expression deterministic analysis in associated disorders to depression and anxiety. ; Evaluation of postural stability from the predictability of the measurement of the center of pressure. ; Psychophysiological Analysis of Sound Stimuli.; Delphi method for the identification of relevant variables in the development of low-power photovoltaic solar projects. ; Socioeconomic impact of a refrigerator powered by a photovoltaic system in La Guajira. ; Energy Efficiency: characteristics that allow the reduction of greenhouse gases in. ; Possibilities for the implementation of a bioreactor from organic waste. ; Energy Potential with Small Hydroelectric Power Plants in Non- interconnected Zones of Colombia. ; Energy Potential in Photovoltaic Solar Solutions in Non-Interconnected Areas of Colombia. ; Photovoltaic system, towards the energy transition from home. ; Blockchain model to increase the transparency of public sector processes. ; Intelligent agricultural irrigation prescription system based on sensor networks and crop modeling. ; Design and implementation of a digital modulation classification system using intelligent algorithms. ; A mobile application proposal to minimize intermediation during agricultural process distribution of products in supply chain. ; Accompanying strategy for the social appropriation of new technologies in vulnerable agricultural communities: case in communities producing Gulupas fruits (Passiflora edulis Sims). ; Predictive model of transparency as an indicator of Public Policies. ; Smart system for recognition of ripening level in blackberry fruits. ; Project-based learning as an alternative methodology for technological education in electronics. ; Design and construction of an automated system for N. ; Four bar mechanisms (FBM) and their Software-Based applications: a reviewFT aquaponic culture of Red Carp and Crespa Lettuce. ; Intelligent search implementation for the construction of states of the art: a python application. ; Indoor and Outdoor propagation models on 5G environments: state of the art. ;The electronic detection of offenders (DOO) in the District Secretary of mobility of Bogotá: a step forward in the configuration of the concept of digital citizenship in Colombia. ; Monitoring through ICT of Mobility: technological collaborative feature to incorporate IoT in a Smart City. ; Characterization model of asphalt mixtures using digital image processing. ; Review: identification of diseases and/or pests in fruit trees through image processing techniques and artificial intelligence. ; VRS applicated to Nasa Yuwe language. ; Application of Pix2Pix for edge reconstruction in images. ; Brushless DC Motor Control System for Active Myoelectric Prosthesis. ; Implementation of a Water Conductivity Measuring System. ; 2 DOF robot programmed with MatLab® (guide and Peter Corke) and Arduino uno for writing alphabetical characters. ; Simulator of the behavior of the center of mass in a quadruped robot. ; Biomimetic prototype for flapping movement of batsContent: Contenido: Approach to the diagnostic of cesarean birth using bio-inspired models. ; Design of a tool in a virtual reality environment to manipulate anatomical models. ; The effect of COVID-19 restrictions on the electricity price forecasting models. ; Depression prevention through artificial intelligence. ; State of the art in Prototypes as complements to the learning of the Colombian Sign Language (LSC). ; A computational proposal for gene expression deterministic analysis in associated disorders to depression and anxiety. ; Evaluation of postural stability from the predictability of the measurement of the center of pressure. ; Psychophysiological Analysis of Sound Stimuli.; Delphi method for the identification of relevant variables in the development of low-power photovoltaic solar projects. ; Socioeconomic impact of a refrigerator powered by a photovoltaic system in La Guajira. ; Energy Efficiency: characteristics that allow the reduction of greenhouse gases in. ; Possibilities for the implementation of a bioreactor from organic waste. ; Energy Potential with Small Hydroelectric Power Plants in Non- interconnected Zones of Colombia. ; Energy Potential in Photovoltaic Solar Solutions in Non-Interconnected Areas of Colombia. ; Photovoltaic system, towards the energy transition from home. ; Blockchain model to increase the transparency of public sector processes. ; Intelligent agricultural irrigation prescription system based on sensor networks and crop modeling. ; Design and implementation of a digital modulation classification system using intelligent algorithms. ; A mobile application proposal to minimize intermediation during agricultural process distribution of products in supply chain. ; Accompanying strategy for the social appropriation of new technologies in vulnerable agricultural communities: case in communities producing Gulupas fruits (Passiflora edulis Sims). ; Predictive model of transparency as an indicator of Public Policies. ; Smart system for recognition of ripening level in blackberry fruits. ; Project-based learning as an alternative methodology for technological education in electronics. ; Design and construction of an automated system for N. ; Four bar mechanisms (FBM) and their Software-Based applications: a reviewFT aquaponic culture of Red Carp and Crespa Lettuce. ; Intelligent search implementation for the construction of states of the art: a python application. ; Indoor and Outdoor propagation models on 5G environments: state of the art. ;The electronic detection of offenders (DOO) in the District Secretary of mobility of Bogotá: a step forward in the configuration of the concept of digital citizenship in Colombia. ; Monitoring through ICT of Mobility: technological collaborative feature to incorporate IoT in a Smart City. ; Characterization model of asphalt mixtures using digital image processing. ; Review: identification of diseases and/or pests in fruit trees through image processing techniques and artificial intelligence. ; VRS applicated to Nasa Yuwe language. ; Application of Pix2Pix for edge reconstruction in images. ; Brushless DC Motor Control System for Active Myoelectric Prosthesis. ; Implementation of a Water Conductivity Measuring System. ; 2 DOF robot programmed with MatLab® (guide and Peter Corke) and Arduino uno for writing alphabetical characters. ; Simulator of the behavior of the center of mass in a quadruped robot. ; Biomimetic prototype for flapping movement of bat