The effects of credit subsidies on development

Under credit market imperfections, the marginal product of capital may not be equalized, resulting in misallocation and lower output. Preferential interest rate policies are often used to remedy the problem. This paper constructs a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents, imperfect enforcement and costly intermediation. Occupational choice and firm size are determined endogenously by an agent’s type (ability and net wealth) and credit market frictions. The credit program subsidizes the interest rate on loans and requires a fixed application cost, which might be null. We find that the credit subsidy policy has no significant effect on output, but it may have negative effects on wages. The program is largely a transfer from households to a small group of entrepreneurs with minor aggregate effects. We also provide estimates of the effects of reducing the frictions directly. When comparing differences in US output per capita in a baseline case to simulations with counterfactually high frictions, intermediation costs and enforcement explain about 20–25 % of the output gap. We include a transition analysis.We thank for financial support INOVA and Funda¸c˜ao para a Ciˆencia e Tecnologia, grant PTDC/EGE-ECO/108858/2008, and Keynes Fund from the University of Cambridge

Urvillea chacoënsis Hunz.

Valle de Catamarca, Ruta Nº 62, entre Banda de Varella y el Dique Las Pirquitas, inmediaciones de Capilla del Rosario entre Polcos y La TercenapublishedVersio

Representaciones sociales de los movimientos de acción colectiva de la minga indígena del Cauca: Una mirada desde los medios digitales de El Tiempo y de El Espectador 2020

Analizar el contenido creado por los medios de comunicación digitales El Tiempo y El Espectador en 2020 sobre los movimientos de acción colectiva de la minga indígena para determinar la legitimidad desde la cual se representan las comunidades en la prensa nacional.Para comprender de manera general la representación de los movimientos sociales por parte de los medios digitales, es trascendental conocer el contexto social en el que se encuentran las minorías en específico la Minga 2020, puesto que son los pueblos indígenas quienes han tenido que movilizarse por sus derechos, su identidad y su territorio. Por este motivo resulta vital entender cómo los medios generan contenido frente a esta acción colectiva, dado que logran que la audiencia cree un imaginario frente a la lucha social. En ese sentido, la presente investigación tiene como fin analizar cómo El Tiempo, El Espectador, CRIC y ONIC, han abordado la Minga indígena del año 2020. Por lo que es necesario realizar un análisis de contenido cualitativo de tipo etnometodológico, en el cual se emplea el rastreo de información de las noticias emitidas en diversos contextos frente al movimiento y se elige las noticias de los medios a analizar como fuente documental para generar la investigación. Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo una triangulación teórica entre los medios digitales, los medios propios de los indígenas y la teoría de acción colectiva mediante un cuadro comparativo que permite entender cómo se está representando a la Minga en los medios seleccionados y explicar el por qué esta lucha corresponde a una acción colectiva. El resultado relevante en esta investigación es que los medios abordados manejan en parte la subjetividad ante el tema de la Minga 2020 ofreciendo contenido, el cual queda a la interpretación de cada receptor, cabe mencionar que estos medios representan en su mayoría de manera positiva las acciones de la Minga indígena.To understand the representation of the social movements, in general terms by part of the digital media, it’s important to know the social context of the minorities, in specific, the Minga 2020, because the natives towns have had to fight for their rights, identity and territory. By this way, it’s totally important to understand how the media create content about this collective action, because they achieve that the audience gain an imaginary about social fight. In that way, the present investigation has by objective to analyze how El Tiempo, El Espectador, CRIC and ONIC, had investigated la Minga indígena 2020. Is necessary to analyze the ethnomethodological qualitative content, that use the information tracking about the news in different contexts about the movement and it’ll be chosen the news in the media to analyze as documentary source to generate the investigation. Subsequently, it was made a theory triangulation between the digital media, the media that is made by the natives and the theory of the collective action through a comparative scheme that allows understanding how the Minga is being represented in the media selected and explaining why this fight corresponds to a collective action. The relevant result in this investigation is that the selected media use the subjectivity with the Minga 2020 offering content, that has to be interpreted by the receiver, it has to be mentioned that this media represents the positive actions about the Minga

Estudos sobre a cinética de absorção do fósforo pelo arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e pelo feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Three experiments were conducted under controlled conditions with the objectives of evaluating the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus and on the presence of other ions on the kinetic of absorption. Excised roots of rice and bean were placed in aereated solutions containing increasing concentrations of NaH2PO4 (10-7 M to 5x10-2M) during 90 minutes. The rate of absorption (v = mmols P/g dry matter) and the kinetic constants Vmax and Km were determined. Similar procedure was used to to evaluate the interaction of Mg+2, Al+3, K+, N-NH4+, N-NO3- and N-ureia in the uptake of phosphorus during 120 minutes. In another experiment, the effect of the presence of Mg+2 and/for Al+3 in the uptake and redistribution of phosphorus, was evaluated by varying the external concentration (1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm and 20 ppm) during a period of 17 hours, and utilizing whole rice plants. It was observed a dual mechanism, with two phases following the Michaelis-Menten kinetics and with transition phase 1 - 50 x 10-5 M. The best explanation of the experimental data was obtained, by transforming the data in accordance with HOFSTEE (1952). Bean was more efficient than rice in the first phase of uptake (higher Vmax). Al+3 had a clear stimulatory effect on the uptake of phosphorus, promoting, however, the anion fixation in the root at lower concentrations. At the highest concentrations (20 ppm) of phosphorus this effect was not evident. No effect on the uptake was observed with Mg+2, K+ and different forms of nitrogen. Urea could have a depressive effect although, not significant. Possible mechanisms invelved are discussed.Objetivando caracterizar os efeitos das diferentes concentrações de fósforo e da presença de outros íons na cinética de absorção de radiofósforo, foram conduzidos ensaios em solução nutritiva, em condições ambientais controladas. Foram empregadas raízes destacadas de arrroz e feijão para os estudos com diferentes concentrações de fósforo no meio (10-7 M até 5 x 10-2 M) e para avaliar as interações promovidas por Mg+2, Al+3, K+, NH4+, N-NO3-, N-urêia no mecanismo de absorção por períodos de uma hora e meia a duas horas. Em plantas inteiras de arroz procurou-se avaliar os efeitos da presença de Mg e/ou alumínio na absorção e transporte de fósforo quando variava a concentração externa (1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm e 20 ppm) por um período de 17 horas. Foi constatado um mecanismo duplo de absorção com as duas fases seguindo a cinética simples de Michaelis-Menten, e com ponto de transição entre 1-50x10-5. A transformada de dados segundo Hofstee adaptou-se melhor à interpretação dos dados experimentais. Feijão foi mais eficientes na absorção que arroz para a primeira fase (maior Vmax). Alumínio apresentou efeito estimulatório nítido na absorção de fósforo, promovendo porém, a fixação do ânion na raiz quando consideradas as concentrações mais baixas. Em concentrações altas de P, este último efeito não foi evidenciado. Magnésio não promoveu maior absorção, nem maior transporte do que K+; o mesmo aconteceu com as diferentes formas de nitrogênio. Uréia poderia ter um efeito depressivo maior, embora não significativo. Discutem-se os prováveis mecanismos envolvidos nestas respostas

Fermentación ruminal en función del tipo de forraje en dieta de novillos de engorde confinados

Con el objetivo de evaluar el consumo y la digestibilidad total aparente de los nutrientes, parámetros ruminales y síntesis de proteína microbiana en bovinos de engorde alimentados con caña de azúcar o silo de maíz. Fueron utilizados 16 bovinos Nelore canulados en el rumen, machos, castrados y con peso vivo de 360±12 kg, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar con dos tratamientos, siendo silo de maíz (SM) y caña de azúcar (CA). La dieta fue constituida por 70% de forraje y 30 % de concentrado según los tratamientos, ambas dietas fueron isoproteicas e isoenergéticas y fueron calculadas para maximizar la síntesis de proteína microbiana ajustando los niveles de energía metabolizable fermentable y nitrógeno disponible en el rumen. La dieta CA permitió mayor consumo de MS y MO (P<0.05), mientras que la dieta SM presento mayor digestibilidad aparente total de la MO y la PB, mayor concentración de N-NH3, y mayor síntesis de Nmic y Pmic (P<0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en los valores medios de pH ruminal de ambas dietas (P>0.05). El ensilaje de maíz como fuente de forraje en dietas para ganado de carne resultó en una mejor utilización de los nutrientes, ambiente ruminal y síntesis de proteína microbiana en comparación con las dietas con caña de azúcar picada como una fuente de forraje en bovinos alimentados con la relación forraje: concentrado 70:30.Con el objetivo de evaluar el consumo y la digestibilidad total aparente de los nutrientes, parámetros ruminales y síntesis de proteína microbiana en bovinos de engorde alimentados con caña de azúcar o silo de maíz. Fueron utilizados 16 bovinos Nelore canulados en el rumen, machos, castrados y con peso vivo de 360±12 kg, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar con dos tratamientos, siendo silo de maíz (SM) y caña de azúcar (CA). La dieta fue constituida por 70% de forraje y 30 % de concentrado según los tratamientos, ambas dietas fueron isoproteicas e isoenergéticas y fueron calculadas para maximizar la síntesis de proteína microbiana ajustando los niveles de energía metabolizable fermentable y nitrógeno disponible en el rumen. La dieta CA permitió mayor consumo de MS y MO (P<0.05), mientras que la dieta SM presento mayor digestibilidad aparente total de la MO y la PB, mayor concentración de N-NH3, y mayor síntesis de Nmic y Pmic (P<0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en los valores medios de pH ruminal de ambas dietas (P>0.05). El ensilaje de maíz como fuente de forraje en dietas para ganado de carne resultó en una mejor utilización de los nutrientes, ambiente ruminal y síntesis de proteína microbiana en comparación con las dietas con caña de azúcar picada como una fuente de forraje en bovinos alimentados con la relación forraje: concentrado 70:30

Synthesis of a Novel Boronic Acid Transition State Inhibitor, MB076: A Heterocyclic Triazole Effectively Inhibits Acinetobacter-Derived Cephalosporinase Variants with an Expanded-Substrate Spectrum

Class C Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinases(ADCs) represent an important target for inhibition in the multidrug-resistantpathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. ManyADC variants have emerged, and characterization of their structuraland functional differences is essential. Equally as important is thedevelopment of compounds that inhibit all prevalent ADCs despite thesedifferences. The boronic acid transition state inhibitor, MB076, a novel heterocyclic triazole with improved plasma stability, wassynthesized and inhibits seven different ADC & beta;-lactamase variantswith K (i) values MB076 acted synergistically in combination with multiple cephalosporinsto restore susceptibility. ADC variants containing an alanine duplicationin the & omega;-loop, specifically ADC-33, exhibited increased activityfor larger cephalosporins, such as ceftazidime, cefiderocol, and ceftolozane.X-ray crystal structures of ADC variants in this study provide a structuralcontext for substrate profile differences and show that the inhibitoradopts a similar conformation in all ADC variants, despite small changesnear their active sites

A Role in Immunity for Arabidopsis Cysteine Protease RD21, the Ortholog of the Tomato Immune Protease C14

Secreted papain-like Cys proteases are important players in plant immunity. We previously reported that the C14 protease of tomato is targeted by cystatin-like EPIC proteins that are secreted by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans (Pinf) during infection. C14 has been under diversifying selection in wild potato species coevolving with Pinf and reduced C14 levels result in enhanced susceptibility for Pinf. Here, we investigated the role C14-EPIC-like interactions in the natural pathosystem of Arabidopsis with the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). In contrast to the Pinf-solanaceae pathosystem, the C14 orthologous protease of Arabidopsis, RD21, does not evolve under diversifying selection in Arabidopsis, and rd21 null mutants do not show phenotypes upon compatible and incompatible Hpa interactions, despite the evident lack of a major leaf protease. Hpa isolates express highly conserved EPIC-like proteins during infections, but it is unknown if these HpaEPICs can inhibit RD21 and one of these HpaEPICs even lacks the canonical cystatin motifs. The rd21 mutants are unaffected in compatible and incompatible interactions with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, but are significantly more susceptible for the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, demonstrating that RD21 provides immunity to a necrotrophic pathogen

Diverse Effects on Mitochondrial and Nuclear Functions Elicited by Drugs and Genetic Knockdowns in Bloodstream Stage Trypanosoma brucei

The parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes human African trypanosomiasis, which is fatal unless treated. Currently used drugs are toxic, difficult to administer, and often are no longer effective due to drug resistance. The search for new drugs is long and expensive, and determining which compounds are worth pursuing is a key challenge in that process. In this study we sought to determine whether different compounds elicited different responses in the mammalian-infective stage of the parasite. We also examined whether genetic knockdown of parasite molecules led to similar responses. Our results show that, depending on the treatment, the replication of the parasite genomes, proper division of the cell, and mitochondrial function can be affected. Surprisingly, these different responses were not able to predict which compounds affected the long term proliferative potential of T. brucei. We found that some of the compounds had irreversible effects on the parasites within one day, so that even cells that appeared healthy could not proliferate. We suggest that determining which compounds set the parasites on a one-way journey to death may provide a means of identifying those that could lead to drugs with high efficacy