1,326 research outputs found
Market-Based Instruments for Water Allocation in India: Issues and the Way Forward
Institutions do matter in managing water scarcity. Institutional reforms in water sector in recent years have tried to replace the existing 'command-and-control approach' with more innovative and comprehensive marketbased approach. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this paper highlights various issues involved in marketbased institutional reforms in the water sector in various countries. This paper finds that even though there are some problems, the market-based institutional reforms are capable of generating relatively higher benefits through efficient, equitable and sustainable water allocation mechanisms. This paper also provides policy suggestions on introducing market-based instruments formally in the water sector in the Indian context
Market-based instruments for water allocation in India: issues and the way forward
Institutions do matter in managing water scarcity. Institutional reforms in water sector in recent years have tried to replace the existing ‘command-and-control approach’ with more innovative and comprehensive marketbased approach. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this paper highlights various issues involved in marketbased institutional reforms in the water sector in various countries. This paper finds that even though there are some problems, the market-based institutional reforms are capable of generating relatively higher benefits through efficient, equitable and sustainable water allocation mechanisms. This paper also provides policy suggestions on introducing market-based instruments formally in the water sector in the Indian context.Length: pp.498-512Water allocationInstitutional reformWater rightsWater market
Potential contribution of high strength, high modulus aramid fibers to the commercial feasibility of lighter than air craft
Kevlar aramid fiber, fabric, rope and cable performance are reviewed along with the economics relevant to the material, structural, and reliability aspects of lighter than air craft
First principles studies of the potential-induced lifting of the Au(100) surface reconstruction
The potential-induced surface reconstruction of Au(100) has been studied by a combination of density functional theory and thermodynamic considerations. Surface free energies of reconstructed-(5 x 1) and unreconstructed-(1 x 1) surfaces were calculated as function of an external electric field using the extended ab initio atomistic thermodynamics approach. After relating electric field and electrode potential by using capacitance measurements, we calculate lifting of the reconstruction to occur at 0.58 V in 0.01 M HClO4 and 0.27 V in 0.01 M H2SO4, being in agreement with the experimental values of 0.60 and 0.27 V (vs. SCE). Finally, the consequences of using experimental capacitance measurements for calculating surface free energies are discussed
High Rate Detection of Volatile Products Using Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry: Combining an Electrode-Coated Membrane with Hydrodynamic Flow in a Wall-Tube Configuration
We present an experimental system that combines differential electrochemical mass spectrometry with hydrodynamic flow consisting of an impinging jet in a wall-tube configuration. This assembly allows simultaneous detection of electrochemical signals along with monitoring of dissolved gas species using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry under well-defined hydrodynamic conditions and over a wide range of mass transfer rates. The working electrode is deposited directly onto a thin, hydrophobic membrane, which also serves as the inlet to the mass spectrometer. This inlet provides extremely rapid mass detection as well as a high flux of products from the electrode surface into the mass spectrometer. The impinging jet is designed in a wall-tube configuration, in which the jet diameter is large compared to the electrode diameter, thus providing uniform and rapid mass transfer conditions over the entirety of the electrode surface. This combination of rapid detection and controllable flow conditions allows a wide range of hydrodynamic conditions to be accessed with simultaneous electrochemical and mass spectrometric detection of dissolved gas species, which is important in the analysis of a range of electrochemical reactions. The capabilities of this configuration are illustrated using a platinum-coated electrode and several electrochemical reactions, including ferrocyanide oxidation, proton reduction, and oxalic acid oxidation
Real-space imaging of quantum Hall effect edge strips
We use dynamic scanning capacitance microscopy (DSCM) to image compressible
and incompressible strips at the edge of a Hall bar in a two-dimensional
electron gas (2DEG) in the quantum Hall effect (QHE) regime. This method gives
access to the complex local conductance, Gts, between a sharp metallic tip
scanned across the sample surface and ground, comprising the complex sample
conductance. Near integer filling factors we observe a bright stripe along the
sample edge in the imaginary part of Gts. The simultaneously recorded real part
exhibits a sharp peak at the boundary between the sample interior and the
stripe observed in the imaginary part. The features are periodic in the inverse
magnetic field and consistent with compressible and incompressible strips
forming at the sample edge. For currents larger than the critical current of
the QHE break-down the stripes vanish sharply and a homogeneous signal is
recovered, similar to zero magnetic field. Our experiments directly illustrate
the formation and a variety of properties of the conceptually important QHE
edge states at the physical edge of a 2DEG.Comment: 7 page
A high-energy electron scattering study of the electronic structure and elemental composition of O-implanted Ta films used for the fabrication of memristor devices
High-energy electron scattering is used to investigate Ta films implanted with 10 keV O ions. These
films are of interest as they have been used for the fabrication of memristors. High-energy electron
scattering is used with incoming electron energies ranging from 5 to 40 keV. The inelastic mean free
path, and hence the probing depth, is at these energies of the same order as the range of the implanted
ions. At the same time, we can distinguish the mass of the atom that scattered the electron elastically,
due to the dependence of the recoil energy on the mass of the scatterer. This allows us to determine
quantitatively the atomic composition near the surface from the signal of electrons that have
scattered elastically but not inelastically. Electrons that have scattered inelastically as well as
elastically provide us with information on the possible electronic excitations. Their signal is used to
monitor the presence of the Ta2O5 phase near the surface (characterised by a significant band gap of
’4:5 eV), and estimate at what depth below the surface pure Ta metal is present. In this way, we
obtain a fairly detailed picture of the elemental composition and electronic properties of these films.This research was made possible by funding of the
Australian Research Council. Oxygen-implanted Tantalum
films were provided by Dr. S. Ruffell and Dr. J. England of
Varian Semiconductor Equipment, a Division of Applied
Materials, as part of a broader collaboration funded by an
Australian Research Council Linkage Project Grant. The stay
of P.L.G. at the ANU was made possible by a Grant No.
10209/12-3 from CAPES (Brazil). S.K.N. gratefully acknowledges
RSAA for his Ph.D. scholarship
Prospective Study of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Recurrence after Radical Treatment with a Chloroquine-Primaquine Standard Regimen in Turbo, Colombia.
Plasmodium vivax recurrences help maintain malaria transmission. They are caused by recrudescence, reinfection, or relapse, which are not easily differentiated. A longitudinal observational study took place in Turbo municipality, Colombia. Participants with uncomplicated P. vivax infection received supervised treatment concomitantly with 25 mg/kg chloroquine and 0.25 mg/kg/day primaquine for 14 days. Incidence of recurrence was assessed over 180 days. Samples were genotyped, and origins of recurrences were established. A total of 134 participants were enrolled between February 2012 and July 2013, and 87 were followed for 180 days, during which 29 recurrences were detected. The cumulative incidence of first recurrence was 24.1% (21/87) (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.6 to 33.7%), and 86% (18/21) of these events occurred between days 51 and 110. High genetic diversity of P. vivax strains was found, and 12.5% (16/128) of the infections were polyclonal. Among detected recurrences, 93.1% (27/29) of strains were genotyped as genetically identical to the strain from the previous infection episode, and 65.5% (19/29) of infections were classified as relapses. Our results indicate that there is a high incidence of P. vivax malaria recurrence after treatment in Turbo municipality, Colombia, and that a large majority of these episodes are likely relapses from the previous infection. We attribute this to the primaquine regimen currently used in Colombia, which may be insufficient to eliminate hypnozoites
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