English proficiency and graduate studies in the health field in Brazil

This article analyzes English proficiency as a requirement for graduate studies at the Federal University in São Paulo, Brazil, analyzing students' performance on the proficiency test and their self-assessment and the importance they ascribe to the language during this phase of their training. An exploratory study was conducted with quantitative and qualitative approaches, document analysis, questionnaires, and interviews. Graduate students rated their own English reading skills as good. They considered a command of the language essential for their professional work and acknowledged that most research in the health field is published in English. One out of four students failed the proficiency test on the first attempt. Their speaking and writing skills were limited, and the majority needed another professional to prepare an abstract in English. They considered a command of English essential for professionals seeking to stand out in a competitive world, but viewed the formal English requirement for graduate studies as an overburden. English is not most researchers' first language, thus creating a dilemma for readers as well as authors who wish to attract attention to their work. Although English is acknowledged as the lingua franca of science and mediates the current scientific publication process, the issue has become increasingly controversial.Este trabalho investiga a língua inglesa como requisito na formação dos pós-graduandos da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), analisando os rendimentos acadêmicos no exame de proficiência e nas autoavaliações em relação à língua, bem como a importância que esses alunos atribuem ao inglês nessa fase de formação. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagens quanti e qualitativa, análise documental, questionários e entrevistas. Identificou-se que os pós-graduandos se autoavaliam como bons leitores, consideram imprescindível o domínio da língua inglesa em seu cotidiano profissional e reconhecem que a maioria das pesquisas na área da saúde é veiculada em inglês. Seus rendimentos no exame de proficiência mostram que, de cada quatro alunos, um é reprovado na primeira tentativa; falam e escrevem pouco, e a maioria necessita de outro profissional para elaboração do abstract. Consideram o domínio da língua inglesa fundamental para profissionais que buscam se destacar num mundo competitivo, mas a exigência formal na pós-graduação é considerada uma sobrecarga. Entendemos que o inglês não é a língua dominante para a maioria dos pesquisadores, o que ocasiona um dilema para leitores e autores que querem atrair o interesse para seu trabalho. Apesar de a língua inglesa ser reconhecida como a língua franca da ciência e mediar o atual processo de publicação científica, esta discussão tem sido crescente e polêmica.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Centro de Desenvolvimento de Ensino Superior em SaúdeUNIFESP, Centro de Desenvolvimento de Ensino Superior em SaúdeSciEL

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Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento Dermatologia e RadioterapiaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento Dermatologia e Radioterapi

The configuration of the Brazilian scientific field

This article describes the configuration of the scientific field in Brazil, characterizing the scientific communities in every major area of knowledge in terms of installed capacity, ability to train new researchers, and capacity for academic production. Empirical data from several sources of information are used to characterize the different communities. Articulating the theoretical contributions of Pierre Bourdieu, Ludwik Fleck, and Thomas Kuhn, the following types of capital are analyzed for each community: social capital (scientific prestige), symbolic capital (dominant paradigm), political capital (leadership in S & T policy), and economic capital (resources). Scientific prestige is analyzed by taking into account the volume of production, activity index, citations, and other indicators. To characterize symbolic capital, the dominant paradigms that distinguish the natural sciences, the humanities, applied sciences, and technology development are analyzed theoretically. Political capital is measured by presidency in one of the main agencies in the S & T national system, and research resources and fellowships define the economic capital. The article discusses the composition of these different types of capital and their correspondence to structural capacities in various communities with the aim of describing the configuration of the Brazilian scientific field

Analysis of expressed sequence tags from Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes

A total of 880 expressed sequence tags (EST) originated from clones randomly selected from a Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote cDNA library have been analyzed. Of these, 40% (355 ESTs) have been identified by similarity to sequences in public databases and classified according to functional categorization of their putative products. About 11% of the mRNAs expressed in amastigotes are related to the translational machinery, and a large number of them (9% of the total number of clones in the library) encode ribosomal proteins. A comparative analysis with a previous study, where clones from the same library were selected using sera from patients with Chagas disease, revealed that ribosomal proteins also represent the largest class of antigen coding genes expressed in amastigotes (54% of all immunoselected clones). However, although more than thirty classes of ribosomal proteins were identified by EST analysis, the results of the immunoscreening indicated that only a particular subset of them contains major antigenic determinants recognized by antibodies from Chagas disease patients