In Vitro Susceptibility of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale to Several Antimicrobial Drugs

As part of the basic characterization of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 10 antimicrobial drugs were determined for reference strains and Mexican isolates by a broth microdilution method. For optimal growth of the organisms, a supplemented brain–heart infusion broth was used. The susceptibility of O. rhinotracheale to amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and oxytetracycline was variable. However, consistent higher minimal inhibitory concentrations values were obtained for gentamicin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfaquinoxaline, and sulfachloropyridazine. Obtained results among Mexican isolates indicate a marked antimicrobial drug resistance trend

Protection conferred by bivalent and trivalent infectious coryza bacterins against prevalent serovars of Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum in Mexico

The protection and level of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies conferred in infectious coryza bivalent- and trivalent-immunized chickens against Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum field isolates of the prevalent serovars in Mexico (A-1, A-2, B-1, and C-2) were investigated. The bivalent bacterin (A-1 and C-1) conferred significant protection and increased HI antibodies against isolates of serovars A-1, A-2, and C-2, but not against a serovar B-1 isolate. The trivalent bacterin (A-1, B-1, and C-2) conferred protection and increased HI antibodies against all four of the isolates. The results confirmed that in poultry areas where serovar B-1 is prevalent, the inclusion of this serovar in bacterins is needed to confer protection against infectious coryza caused by A. (H.) paragallinarum isolates of serovar B-1

Serotyping of Haemophilus paragallinarum isolates from Mexico by the Kume hemagglutinin scheme

This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of Kume serovars of H. paragallinarum in Mexico. A total of 42 isolates of H. paragallinarum from 6 Mexican states were serotyped by the Kume haemagglutinin scheme. Serovars A-1, A-2, B-1, and C-2 were recognized among 11 (26.2%), 7 (16.6%), 4 (9.5%), and 14 (33.3%) isolates, respectively. Six isolates (14.3%) further showed haemagglutinating activity but could not be classified into any serovar. Commercial vaccines containing Kume serovars A-1, A-2, B-1, and C-2 may provide better protection than those bi- or trivalent infectious coryza vaccines currently used in Mexico

Virulence of the Nine Serovar Reference Strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum

The virulence of the reference strains of the nine currently recognized Kume serovars of Haemophilus paragallinarum was investigated. The capacity of the H. paragallinarum strains to cause the typical clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease associated with infectious coryza in unvaccinated, nasal-challenged chickens was assessed. Differences in virulence were assessed by means of a standardized scoring system for clinical signs. All nine strains were pathogenic to chickens, producing typical clinical signs of infectious coryza. The highest clinical signs score was obtained for serovar C-1 (1.72), while the lowest clinical signs score was obtained for serovar C-4 (0.32). Our results indicate that virulence differences exist among the serovars of H. paragallinarum

Virulence of the Nine Serovar Reference Strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum

The virulence of the reference strains of the nine currently recognized Kume serovars of Haemophilus paragallinarum was investigated. The capacity of the H. paragallinarum strains to cause the typical clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease associated with infectious coryza in unvaccinated, nasal-challenged chickens was assessed. Differences in virulence were assessed by means of a standardized scoring system for clinical signs. All nine strains were pathogenic to chickens, producing typical clinical signs of infectious coryza. The highest clinical signs score was obtained for serovar C-1 (1.72), while the lowest clinical signs score was obtained for serovar C-4 (0.32). Our results indicate that virulence differences exist among the serovars of H. paragallinarum

Testes de capacidade de expansão em programas de melhoramento de milho pipoca Popping expansion tests in popcorn breeding programs

No desenvolvimento de populações melhoradas de milho pipoca é fundamental selecionar com base em qualidade, normalmente expressa pela relação volume de pipoca/peso de grãos, denominada capacidade de expansão (CE). Na seleção de indivíduos e progênies diversos sistemas de avaliação de qualidade devem ser considerados, por serem utilizados pelos consumidores. O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar dois sistemas de determinação de CE em programas de melhoramento, sendo o primeiro uma pipoqueira de ar quente e o segundo um forno de microondas. Para avaliar a pipoqueira de ar quente foi instalado um experimento no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, envolvendo três tratamentos e nove níveis de peso de grãos, com cinco repetições. Para o microondas, buscando definir uma embalagem alternativa, foi instalado um experimento no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, seguindo um esquema fatorial, com três repetições, envolvendo dois tempos e cinco embalagens. Foi realizado um outro experimento, buscando verificar a qualidade do aparelho para obtenção de CE a partir de pequena quantidade de grãos e qual o melhor tempo a ser utilizado. A pipoqueira de ar quente é um sistema eficiente, podendo ser empregados 10 g na avaliação de plantas e até 90 g para avaliações experimentais de famílias. O forno de microondas é também um sistema eficiente, equivalente à pipoqueira de ar quente. No aparelho de microondas, pode-se empregar saco de papel kraft. Para avaliação de plantas, podem ser empregados 10 gramas e 140 segundos, e 30 a 90 gramas com tempo de 220 segundos para a avaliação de progênies.<br>Quality, normally expressed by the relation volume of popcorn/weight of grains (volume expansion), is an important characteristic in popcorn breeding. Different systems of assessing popcorn expansion should be used in individual and family selections, since they are common to consumers. The purpose of this work was to evaluate two systems for popping expansion determination in breeding programs. The first was a hot air popcorn pumper and the second was a microwave oven. For the first one an experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and nine levels of kernel weight, and five replications. For the second one, aiming to define an alternative packaging, an experiment was installed also in a completely randomized design, following a factorial scheme, with three replications, involving two times and five packagings. Another experiment was achieved to verify the microwave oven quality for volume expansion determination with a little kernel quantity and the best time to be used. The hot air popcorn pumper is an efficient system, in which 10 g of kernel can be used to evaluate plants and up to 90 g of kernel can be used to evaluate families in the experiments. The microwave oven is equivalent to the hot air popcorn pumper. Kraft paper bags can be used in the microwave oven. For plant evaluation 10 g of kernel with 140 seconds are recommended. To evaluate progenies 30 g to 90 g of kernel with 220 seconds can be used