Immunomodulatory effects of seagrass Halophila ovalis polysaccharide mixed feed in adult black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and its protective efficacy against white spot syndrome virus infection

As white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) can be highly pathogenic in penaeid shrimp, various feed supplements have been tested to help to protect farmed shrimp against WSSV disease. Here a polysaccharide extract from Halophila ovalis (HO) seagrass was added to feeds at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg to assess its ability to protect Black Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) against WSSV challenge. Following feeding on these diets for 25 days, P. monodon were challenged by muscle injection and monitored for 21 days. On Day 0 and on Days 7 and 21 post-injection (pi), total haemocyte counts (THC), total protein concentrations, prophenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst activity were compared using haemolymph collected from 10 shrimp. All shrimp fed the basal diet died by Day 7 pi but survival times were extended among shrimp fed diets containing HO polysaccharide (HOP), and significantly at concentrations of 0.5 or 1 gkg^-1. Concomitantly with improved survival, all haemolymph immune parameters examined were enhanced significantly (p<0.05) among shrimp fed diets containing higher amounts of HOP. WSSV infection loads determined by real-time PCR were also lowered. The data suggest that if shrimp growth performance is not affected, inclusion of 0.5-1 gkg-1 HOP in commercial feeds might increase resilience of pond stocks of P. monodon against WSSV disease and when disease occurs, provide farmers with a longer management window to minimize economic losses

A Survey on Cyber Security for Smart Grid Networks

Smart grid is a electrical grid in which power generation units, transmission units, distribution units and electricity consumers are connected using advanced communication and information technologies. It is a new form of next generation power grid. Most of the countries across the globe are transforming their existing electrical grids to smart grid and hence smart grid technology is progressing worldwide. Smart grid provides a bi-directional flow of electricity and information from generation to transmission to distribution and hence more exposed to attacks. Many advanced communication technologies have been identified for smart grid usages. A secure communication infrastructure is a critical component of smart grid systems. Success of smart grids highly depends on secure communication network. Thus cyber security of smart grid networks is very important. In this paper, we summarize the cyber security threats, possible vulnerabilities and existing standards and solutions available for cyber security in smart grids networks based on the available reference material. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15050

A comparative study between 0.5% centbucridine and 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (1:200,000) for bilateral extraction of mandibular premolar using nerve block anesthesia: a double blind randomized controlled clinical study

Background: The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of 0.5% centbucridine and 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (1:200,000).Methods: A clinical prospective, controlled, randomized, double blind group study was conducted on 22 patients referred for extraction of mandibular premolars, who were randomly assigned to 2 groups by the split mouth method. Before extraction of mandibular premolar, either 0.5% centbucridine or 2% lignocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline were used for anesthesia. All the patients were given inferior alveolar, lingual, and long buccal nerve blocks. Pain on injection, onset of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia and changes in blood pressure and pulse rate were monitored and recorded.Results: In our study, statistically significant difference was found between the efficacy of agents as for time for onset of anesthesia, duration of action, and changes in blood pressure and pulse rate, but no statistically significant difference was found for pain on injection between two groups.Conclusions: The efficacy of centbucridine was found to be more as compared to lignocaine with adrenaline, in rapid onset of anesthesia, longer duration of action, and cardiovascular stability. There was no significant difference in the pain on injection for both centbucridine and lignocaine with adrenaline. Centbucridine can be used in medically compromised condition where adrenaline is contraindicated

TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON ERYTHROCYTE MORPHOLOGY AND LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO

ABSTRACTObjectives: Carbon nanomaterials have been used in many biomedical applications due to its unique physical properties. Functionalization of carbonnanotubes (CNT) could improve the physical properties, but pharmacokinetics and toxic effects of pristine and functionalized CNTs, are not welldefined. In this study, the toxicity of the pristine and hydroxyl group functionalized Multi‑Walled CNT (MWCNT) compared.Methods: MWCNTs was interacted with human blood. The induced morphological changes in the erythrocytes and cytotoxicity were observed atdifferent concentrations. A thin blood smear was prepared, and the erythrocyte images were obtained using a digital microscope. MTT assay used toassess the cytotoxicity.Results: The result indicate that the pristine MWCNT caused more toxic effects than –OH functionalized MWCNT, which was assessed in terms ofchanges in the morphology of the erythrocytes and cytotoxicity caused to the lymphocyte cells.Conclusion: The functionalization of MWCNT could reduce the hemotoxicity and improves the biocompatibility.Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, Cytotoxicity, Echinocytes, Erythrocyte, Multi‑walled carbon nanotubes, Lymphocyte

A Smart Monitoring System For Improved Efficiency And Hospital Safety

A hospital is an environment where people receive medical treatment. Overcrowding in the hospital environment may cause the spread of infectious diseases. In order to address this issue, crowd management is necessary in a hospital. Conventional crowd management has completely relied on manual methods, such as paper-based approaches and visual estimations of crowd density. These traditional methods lack real-time insights and are prone to human errors. In response, this paper introduces an innovative solution by integrating sensor fusion techniques and artificial intelligence-driven algorithms for precise crowd estimation and staff attendance verification in real-time in a hospital environment. This transition from traditional to our advanced solution ensures scalability, adaptability, improved data privacy, and cost efficiency. Our system promises dynamic decision-making based on the estimation of people in a specific region. The purpose of this project is to provide a cost-efficient solution that enhances hospital management practices by optimizing resource allocation and security measures to improve patient care and safety

Tourism Carrying Capacity for Beaches of South Andaman Island, India

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) is one of the largest tourist areas in India attracting both the international and domestic tourists each year. The Island Administration has a vision to develop the islands as an upmarket island destination for ecotourism. Among the island group, the South Andaman region is the most visited tourist destination and beaches of these islands have great potential for tourism attractions. The present work is an attempt to understand the potential of these beaches by assessing the carrying capacity in terms of number of visitors that can be allowed over a period of time, which will further help with better tourism management. The methodology used to estimate the tourism carrying capacity (TCC) is based on the physical and ecological conditions of each site and the existing infrastructure. The total effective carrying capacity (ECC) estimated for the beaches of Port Blair area (126,301 visitors/day) reveals that the current tourism activity is in lower level compared to its carrying capacity. Such carrying capacity assessments can be used as an input into the regular planning process. Preliminary estimates suggest that A&N Islands can be promoted for high value-low volume, eco-friendly, and environmentally sustainable tourism

Investigations on RF Behavior of a V-Band Second Harmonic Gyrotron for 100/200 kW Operation

This article presents the investigations on RF-behavioral aspects for the possible operation of a V -band, continuous wave (CW) second harmonic gyrotron for plasma diagnostic application. Keeping in view the design goals and constraints, initial design studies for the mode selection and the computation of starting currents are carried out. From these studies, two possible modes, namely, TE 7,3 and TE 8,3 are considered for the second harmonic operation. Later, the cold cavity design and self-consistent calculations are carried out for the selected operating modes. All the computations are performed using the latest version of our in-house code Gyrotron Design Studio Second Harmonic Version 2020 (GDS2H-2020) with Glidcop as the cavity material. The RF behavior studies confirm the feasible operation of such a second harmonic gyrotron with power levels in excess of 115.52/217.64 kW with the chosen modes of operation

Realistic Design Studies on a 300-GHz, 1-MW, DEMO-Class Conventional-Cavity Gyrotron

This article presents the realistic initial design studies of a 300-GHz, 1-MW, conventional-cavity gyrotron for its probable application in the next-generation thermonuclear fusion reactors. Keeping the design goals, parameters, and constraints in view, the very high-order TE 49,18 mode is chosen as the operating mode after a careful mode-selection calculation considering realistic ohmic cavity losses. After mode selection and mode competition studies, the cold-cavity design and initial design of a triode-type magnetron injection gun (T-MIG) and a gyrotron magnet are carried out and an electron beam radius of 8.11 mm is obtained with 2.4% velocity spread. Furthermore, investigation on RF behavior of the cavity is performed with the T-MIG beam parameters. By varying the nominal beam parameters, single-mode self-consistent calculations are conducted and achieved the desired output power. Then, multimode time-dependent self-consistent calculations are carried out before and after space-charge neutralization (SCN) with realistic velocity spread (up to 6%) and different beam radii for the assessment of the start-up scenario. Before SCN without velocity spread, the beam voltage is depressed to 70.08 kV and 0.72-MW output power is obtained, whereas with velocity spread (6%), 0.69-MW output power is obtained with 8.11 mm of beam radius. After 60% of SCN in the start-up scenario with velocity spread (6%), the beam voltage increases to 74.83 kV, and thereby, an output power of 0.91 MW is obtained

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel-LPG Duel Fuel in Greeves Engine

The main perspective of this paper is to analysis the performance and emission of the diesel engine where diesel is used as primary fuel and LPG is used as subsidiary fuel. In this LPG is attached to the inlet manifold of the engine in which LPG combines with the molecules of oxygen and it barges into the combustion chamber of the engine. Inside this combustion chamber, diesel is injected by an injector during the end of the compression stroke, after this atomization of the fuel takes place eloquently. By this immediately after the combustion of the fuel, heavy loads of power is produced inside the combustion chamber and this is followed by the liberation of exhaust gases such as Hydrocarbon (HC), Nitric oxide (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (Co2), Oxygen (O2) etc., As a result of this experiment the emission and the specific fuel consumption of the engine was reduced and brake thermal efficiency was increased. Thus this experiment shows that using LPG as an additive fuel with diesel which is an injecting fuel will increase the efficiency with respect to the traditional diesel fuel operation mode in the diesel engine

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel-LPG Duel Fuel in Greeves Engine

The main perspective of this paper is to analysis the performance and emission of the diesel engine where diesel is used as primary fuel and LPG is used as subsidiary fuel. In this LPG is attached to the inlet manifold of the engine in which LPG combines with the molecules of oxygen and it barges into the combustion chamber of the engine. Inside this combustion chamber, diesel is injected by an injector during the end of the compression stroke, after this atomization of the fuel takes place eloquently. By this immediately after the combustion of the fuel, heavy loads of power is produced inside the combustion chamber and this is followed by the liberation of exhaust gases such as Hydrocarbon (HC), Nitric oxide (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (Co2), Oxygen (O2) etc., As a result of this experiment the emission and the specific fuel consumption of the engine was reduced and brake thermal efficiency was increased. Thus this experiment shows that using LPG as an additive fuel with diesel which is an injecting fuel will increase the efficiency with respect to the traditional diesel fuel operation mode in the diesel engine