On the Equivalence of Dual Theories

We discuss the equivalence of two dual scalar field theories in 2 dimensions. The models are derived though the elimination of different fields in the same Freedman--Townsend model. It is shown that tree $S$-matrices of these models do not coincide. The 2-loop counterterms are calculated. It turns out that while one of these models is single-charged, the other theory is multi-charged. Thus the dual models considered are non-equivalent on classical and quantum levels. It indicates the possibility of the anomaly leading to non-equivalence of dual models.Comment: 14 pages, LaTeX; 2 figures, encapsulated PostScrip

Investigation of the influence of technological conditions of microarc oxidation of magnesium alloys on their structural state and mechanical properties

Наведені дослідження структури і властивостей покриттів, отриманих при мікродуговій обробці на магнієвому сплаві. Обробка проводилася при анодно-катодному режимі в лужному електроліті з різними домішками. Показана можливість формування кристалічних оксидних покриттів різного фазового складу (MgO, MgAl₂O₄, Mg₂Sі₄, Mg₃(PO₄)₂) товщиною до 300 мкм, що мають високу адгезію з основою, гарні захисні властивості і високу твердість, яка досягає 6,6 ГПа

The methodological problems of “human-sizedness” of modern cosmological theories

The article is picking up new methodological approaches to the study of the Cosmos and the understanding of the place of a human being in the Universe. The article has a methodological character and is presented in the form of the analysis and synthesis of various aspects of the study of this problem. The article considers theoretical and methodological aspects of cosmology, the analysis of modern scientific theories, the scope of their applicability. The obtained outputs can be used in cosmological modeling and in the studies of anthropological and existential aspects of cosmologyyesБелгородский госуниверсите

Influence of the thermal factor on the composition of electron-beam high-entropy ALTiVCrNbMo coatings

This paper reports results of studying the element and phase compositions of electron-beam coatings based on the high-entropy alloy AlTiVCrNbMo, depending on the deposition temperature (in the range of 300...700 °С). The high-entropy alloys were melted in an arc furnace in an atmosphere of high-purity argon. Vacuum condensates of the high-entropy alloy (AlTiVCrNbMo) with a thickness of 3–5 µm were obtained in the vacuum setup UVN-2M-1 at a working vacuum of 5·10-5 mТоrr. The alloy evaporation was performed from the water-cooled ingot mold using an electron-beam gun with a power of 5 kW. Condensation of vapors of all the elements of the alloy was performed onto copper substrates at temperatures of 300, 500, 700 °C. Based on analysis of the element composition of materials of the target made of the high-entropy six-element alloy AlTiVCrNbMo and electron-beam coatings, based on it, we established the critical parameter (specific heat of vaporization of an element) that defined a selective change in the element composition. In accordance with a characteristic change in the composition of coatings of the multi-element high-entropy alloy, 3 groups of elements were distinguished: with a specific heat of evaporation of 280...350 kJ/mol (group 1), 420…460 kJ/mol (group 2), and 590…680 kJ/mol (group 3). It was shown that the formation of a single-phase coating of the high-entropy alloy (based on BCC of the crystalline lattice) occurs at the higher deposition temperature of 500...700 °C when the coating consists of not less than 5 elements. It was established that based on the conditions for an electron-beam process of materials formation, the results obtained can be divided into two types: those determined by the condition of evaporation of the target and those determined by the conditions of coating deposition. The density of flows of elements, evaporated from the target, is determined by their specific heat of evaporation. However, the ratio of atoms in the flow, derived in this way, may not be retained in the formed coating due to the secondary evaporation of elements from the growth surface. The obtained results allow us to substantiate principles for the selection of components for achieving the optimal element and phase compositions of high-entropy alloys.На основі аналізу елементного складу матеріалів мішені з високоентропійного шестиелементного сплаву AlTiVCrNbMo і електронно-променевих покриттів на його основі встановлено критичний параметр (питома теплота випаровування елемента), який визначає селективну зміну елементного складу. Показано, що формування однофазного покриття високоентропійного сплаву відбувається, коли до складу покриття входить не менше 5 елементів. Отримані результати дозволяють обґрунтувати принципи підбору компонент для досягнення оптимальних елементного та фазового складу високоентропійних сплавів

Forecasting System Requirements to the Materials of the Shell of Fuel Elements of Innovative Fast Reactors

Innovative nuclear energy system (INSS) designed to ensure effective use of uranium 238 and thorium 232 to produce energy. Maintain the neutron balance of this process requires the development and use of new types of nuclear fuel and structural materials. This requires the development of models to predict changes in theirproperties under the action of fields of different radiation, temperature, stress and exposure to various chemical substances. It is important achievement is not the limiting parameters, and the optimal combination of the properties of materials and their working conditions. In this paper parameters such as the fluence of fast neutrons, the reaction rate in the fuel rod cladding and the change of nuclide composition, in particular, developments of hydrogen and helium, influencing the change of the strength properties of steels, are calculated

Transplant arteriosclerosis: an enigmatic disease due to a misnomer

Solid organ transplantation across the allogeneic barrier, pioneered by Thomas Starzl, has by now become a common medical procedure. Unfortunately, the number of donor organs lost due to transplant arteriosclerosis (chronic rejection), remains significant and unchanged for decades. We argue that designation of transplant arteriosclerosis as chronic rejection, and its classification as a delayed long-lasting reaction of recipient immune effectors against donor alloantigens have given us a wrong impression that we have identified the necessary cause/pathogenesis of the tissue pathology. However, whatever treatment options we have in the anti-rejection toolbox, despite their success in treating classical rejection, do not work for the transplant arteriosclerosis. Yet, the scientific community has continued to conceptualize and approach the pathology within the alloimmunity model. Due to unproductive research from the alloimmunity and rejection perspective, the number of transplanted hearts lost due to this pathology today is almost the same as it was fifty years ago. We believe that this phenomenon falls under the rubric of linguistic relativity, and that language we chose to name the disease has restricted our cognitive ability to solve the problem. While the initial perception of the transplant arteriosclerosis as chronic rejection was logical and scientific, the subsequent experience revealed that such perception and approach have been fruitless, and likely are incorrect. Considering our tragic failure to prevent and treat the delayed arterial pathology of donor organs using all available knowledge on alloimmunity and rejection, we must finally disassociate the former from the latter. The only way to start this uncomfortable process is to change the words we are using; particularly, the words we chose to name the disease. We have to step out of the alloimmunity rejection box.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figure

The US ballistic missile defence policy in the Baltic and Nordic regions

This article examines the implications of the deployment of the US ballistic missile defense (BMD) system in the Baltic and Nordic regions. These implications are to be considered to ensure Russia's military security. Using the structural-functional method, the authors analyse the internal structure of the US BMD in Europe, stages of its implementation, and its influence on the military equilibrium in the region. Being similar to other regional missile defence systems of the Pentagon, BMD in Europe increases the offensive capabilities of the US armed forces and its allies and in doing so, it stops performing a purely defensive mission declared by Washington. It is stressed that the deployment of mobile sea- and land-based BMD elements in the Baltic Sea region and Nordic countries will inevitably destabilize the strategic situation and may lead to a new round of arms race in the region. The efficacy of BMD in Europe is evaluated from the perspective of military technology. The system’s potential threats to Russia's military security and its armed forces are assessed. The article considers measures to enhance national security that could be taken by Russia provided the US plans to deploy BMD in Europe are fully implemented