Revogação de deputados e funcionários eleitos nas modernas condições constitucionais e legais Russas

The article is devoted to the current legal regulation of the revocation of deputies and elected officials by voters. At the post-Soviet stage of the Russian constitutional and legal development, there was a rejection of the idea of a mandatory mandate in favor of a free one. At the same time, this has not led to the complete disappearance of the system of the law of institutions of orders, revocation and reporting of elected officials. However, in the changed political and legal context they have acquired a different content. First of all, it concerns the institute of revocation. The latter was significantly reformatted (largely under the influence of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation), as the preservation of its former content was poorly correlated with the new constitutional reality. In relation to this, this article analyzes the current legislation and legal positions of the courts, revealing certain aspects of the legal regulation of revocation in Russia at the present stage (scope, legal grounds for revocation, requirements for the number of votes required to recognize the revocation as valid). The issues of the political and legal nature of revocation in Russia at the current moment and legal obstacles to the implementation of this tool in practice are also considered. As a result of research the author came to the conclusion that to give the revocation the real constitutional and legal values identified with the preservation of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of its legal nature, a clear distinction of the subject of legal assessment of revoked entity acts (the court) and the subject entitled to implement the consequences of the assessment decision (the electorate) is necessary. This is possible by changing the approach to the range of grounds for revocation (their limitation), which will reduce the requirements for the majority of voters required for revocation.El artículo está dedicado a la regulación legal actual de la revocación de diputados y funcionarios electos por los votantes. En la etapa post-soviética del desarrollo constitucional y legal ruso, hubo un rechazo a la idea de un mandato obligatorio a favor de uno libre. Al mismo tiempo, esto no ha conducido a la desaparición completa del sistema de la ley de instituciones de órdenes, revocación e informe de los funcionarios electos. Sin embargo, en el contexto político y legal modificado, han adquirido un contenido diferente. En primer lugar, se trata del instituto de revocación. Este último fue reformateado de manera significativa (en gran parte bajo la influencia de las posiciones legales del Tribunal Constitucional de la Federación de Rusia), ya que la preservación de su contenido anterior estaba mal correlacionada con la nueva realidad constitucional. En relación con esto, este artículo analiza la legislación actual y las posiciones legales de los tribunales, revelando ciertos aspectos de la regulación legal de la revocación en Rusia en la presente etapa (alcance, fundamentos legales para la revocación, requisitos para el número de votos necesarios para reconocer la revocación como válida). También se consideran los problemas de naturaleza política y legal de la revocación en Rusia en el momento actual y los obstáculos legales para la implementación de esta herramienta en la práctica. Como resultado de la investigación, el autor llegó a la conclusión de que para otorgar a la revocación los verdaderos valores constitucionales y legales identificados con la preservación del Tribunal Constitucional de la Federación de Rusia de su naturaleza legal, una clara distinción del tema de la evaluación legal de revocado La entidad actúa (el tribunal) y el sujeto con derecho a implementar las consecuencias de la decisión de evaluación (el electorado) es necesario. Esto es posible cambiando el enfoque del rango de motivos para la revocación (su limitación), lo que reducirá los requisitos para la mayoría de los votantes requeridos para la revocación.O artigo é dedicado à atual regulamentação legal da revogação de deputados e autoridades eleitas pelos eleitores. No estágio pós-soviético do desenvolvimento constitucional e legal da Rússia, houve uma rejeição da idéia de um mandato obrigatório em favor de um livre. Ao mesmo tempo, isso não levou ao desaparecimento completo do sistema da lei de instituições de ordens, revogação e comunicação de funcionários eleitos. No entanto, no contexto político e jurídico alterado, eles adquiriram um conteúdo diferente. Primeiro de tudo, diz respeito ao instituto da revogação. Este último foi significativamente reformatado (em grande parte sob a influência das posições legais do Tribunal Constitucional da Federação Russa), como a preservação de seu conteúdo anterior foi pouco correlacionada com a nova realidade constitucional. Em relação a isso, este artigo analisa a legislação atual e as posições legais dos tribunais, revelando certos aspectos da regulamentação legal da revogação na Rússia no presente estágio (escopo, bases legais para a revogação, requisitos para o número de votos necessários para reconhecer revogação como válida). As questões da natureza política e legal da revogação na Rússia no momento atual e os obstáculos legais à implementação desta ferramenta na prática também são consideradas. Como resultado da pesquisa, o autor chegou à conclusão de que para dar a revogação dos valores constitucionais e legais reais identificados com a preservação do Tribunal Constitucional da Federação Russa de sua natureza jurídica, uma distinção clara do assunto de avaliação jurídica de revogada actos da entidade (o tribunal) e o sujeito com direito a implementar as consequências da decisão de avaliação (o eleitorado) são necessários. Isso é possível mudando a abordagem da variedade de motivos de revogação (sua limitação), o que reduzirá os requisitos para a maioria dos eleitores requeridos para a revogação

Lignite coal burning seam in the remote Altai Mountains harbors a hydrogen-driven thermophilic microbial community

Thermal ecosystems associated with underground coal combustion sites are rare and less studied than geothermal features. Here we analysed microbial communities of near-surface ground layer and bituminous substance in an open quarry heated by subsurface coal fire by metagenomic DNA sequencing. Taxonomic classification revealed dominance of only a few groups of Firmicutes. Near-complete genomes of three most abundant species, ‘Candidatus Carbobacillus altaicus’ AL32, Brockia lithotrophica AL31, and Hydrogenibacillus schlegelii AL33, were assembled. According to the genomic data, Ca. Carbobacillus altaicus AL32 is an aerobic heterotroph, while B. lithotrophica AL31 is a chemolithotrophic anaerobe assimilating CO2 via the Calvin cycle. H. schlegelii AL33 is an aerobe capable of both growth on organic compounds and carrying out CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle. Phylogenetic analysis of the large subunit of RuBisCO of B. lithotrophica AL31 and H. schlegelii AL33 showed that it belongs to the type 1-E. All three Firmicutes species can gain energy from aerobic or anaerobic oxidation of molecular hydrogen, produced as a result of underground coal combustion along with other coal gases. We propose that thermophilic Firmicutes, whose spores can spread from their original geothermal habitats over long distances, are the first colonizers of this recently formed thermal ecosystem

Selection for novel, acid-tolerant Desulfovibrio spp. from a closed Transbaikal mine site in a temporal pH- gradient bioreactor

Almost all the known isolates of acidophilic or acid-tolerant sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) belong to the spore-forming genus Desulfosporosinus in the Firmicutes. The objective of this study was to isolate acidophilic/acid-tolerant members of the genus Desulfovibrio belonging to deltaproteobacterial SRB. The sample material originated from microbial mat biomass submerged in mine water and was enriched for sulphate reducers by cultivation in anaerobic medium with lactate as an electron donor. A stirred tank bioreactor with the same medium composition was inoculated with the sulphidogenic enrichment. The bioreactor was operated with a temporal pH gradient, changing daily, from an initial pH of 7.3 to a final pH of 3.7. Among the bacteria in the bioreactor culture, Desulfovibrio was the only SRB group retrieved from the bioreactor consortium as observed by 16S rRNA-targeted denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Moderately acidophilic/acid-tolerant isolates belonged to Desulfovibrio aerotolerans - Desulfovibrio carbinophilus - Desulfovibrio magneticus and Desulfovibrio idahonensis - Desulfovibrio mexicanus clades within the genus Desulfovibrio. A moderately acidophilic strain, Desulfovibrio sp. VK (pH optimum 5.7) and acid-tolerant Desulfovibrio sp. ED (pH optimum 6.6) dominated in the bioreactor consortium at different time points and were isolated in pure cultur

Genome sequence of the acid-tolerant Desulfovibrio sp. DV isolated from the sediments of a Pb-Zn mine tailings dam in the Chita region, Russia

Here we report the draft genome sequence of the acid-tolerant Desulfovibrio sp. DV isolated from the sediments of a Pb-Zn mine tailings dam in the Chita region, Russia. The draft genome has a size of 4.9 Mb and encodes multiple K+-transporters and proton-consuming decarboxylases. The phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated ribosomal proteins revealed that strain DV clusters together with the acid-tolerant Desulfovibrio sp. TomC and Desulfovibrio magneticus. The draft genome sequence and annotation have been deposited at GenBank under the accession number MLBG00000000

Судебные экспертизы по установлению причин падения деревьев

The article presents the practice of conducting forensic examinations to determine the causes of falling trees by the Centre of wood expertise “ZDOROVY LES”, the most common questions put before experts, the sequence of an expert’s actions as well as it enumerates the causes of falling for damaged trees. The author reviews the list of modern devices needed for the diagnostic of the internal state of trees to detect the dilapidated ones, describes how to use the equipment.Представлена практика производства судебных экспертиз по установлению причин падения деревьев Центром древесных экспертиз «ЗДОРОВЫЙ ЛЕС», основные вопросы, ставящиеся на разрешение экспертов, последовательность действий экспертов, перечислены основные причины падения аварийных деревьев. Указан перечень современных инструментальных приборов, необходимых для диагностики внутреннего состояния деревьев с целью выявления аварийных экземпляров, описана методика их использования

Estimate of rock mass stability in surface-borehole mining of high-grade iron ore

Under consideration is the estimate of rock mass stability around underground openings generated as a result of hydraulic borehole mining of iron ore. The authors use analytical solutions of two plane elasticity problems on stress state of infinite media with the zone of weakening in the form of one or two circular holes, given initial stresses are set in the study domain

A new EPOR/CD131 heteroreceptor agonist EP-11-1: a neuroprotective effect in experimental traumatic brain injury

EP-11-1 (UEHLERALNSS) is a short-chain erythropoietin derivative without have erythropoietic activity. It was created by modifying a peptide mimicking the spatial structure of the erythropoietin a-helix B pHBSP. One of the promising directions of its administration is the correction of morphofunctional disorders that occur in traumatic brain injury (TBI

Results of a clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin and metformin fixed combination in real clinical practice in Russia (MASTER study)

BACKGRAUND: The widespread prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), high mortality and disability of such patients are the reason for the constant active search for effective approaches to hypoglycemic therapy. Recent years have been marked by a change in the strategy for treatment initiation of T2DM. In clinical studies, evidence has been obtained about the benefits of prescribing combination therapy from the time of diagnosis. It seems important to study this treatment option also in real clinical practice.AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the initiation with Galvus Met® as compared with any other combination therapy approaches used in everyday clinical practice.MATERIALS AND METHODS: multicenter prospective observational study in 15 regions of Russia lasting 6 months. Patients were included in the study after the endocrinologist made a decision on the appointment of therapy. Of the men and women over 18 years of age with first diagnosed or previously untreated type 2 diabetes and a level of glycated hemoglobin >7.5%, two groups were formed. The first group included patients who received vildagliptin + metformin (Galvus Met®) in a fixed dose of 50/1000 mg, n=729, the second — another double combination (with the exception of insulin and GLP-1), n=669. The primary endpoint was defined as the proportion of patients (%) who achieved the level of HbA1c <7.0% without proven hypoglycemia at the end of the observation. The NHPQ questionnaire was used to assess the frequency of hypoglycemia.RESULTS: 1385 patients completed the study. For the other combination therapy group, metformin and sulfonylurea derivatives were most often selected (66.5%). In the Galvus Met® group, 68.7% of patients achieved an HbA1c level of <7.0% without proven hypoglycemia, which is significantly better compared to the group of other combinations (40.7%, p <0.001). Galvus Met® therapy contributed to a significantly greater decrease in HbA1c levels by the end of the study compared to other combinations (delta HbA1c -1.6 ± 0.8% versus -1.4 ± 0.9%, p <0.001). In the same group, the average level of HbA1c reached 6.7 ± 0.6% by the end of the study versus 7.1 ± 0.8% in the comparison group, p <0.001. In the Galvus Met® group, body weight decreased by 3.2 ± 3.9 kg, and in the comparison group by 1.3 ± 4.8 kg, p <0.001. The frequency of hypoglycemia episodes in the Galvus Met® group by the end of the study was significantly lower than in the comparison group: 0.8 ± 0.7 episodes per person, versus 1.4 ± 0.8, p = 0.037. In the Galvus Met® group, there were significantly fewer adverse events (4.9% versus 17.7%, p <0.001).CONCLUSIONS: In real clinical practice, Galvus Met® starting therapy has shown better efficacy and safety in terms of achieving glycemic control, HbA1c dynamics, effects on body weight, the frequency of hypoglycemic conditions compared with other combined oral hypoglycemic therapy

Eleven-amino acid peptides that mimic the erythropoietin α-helix B increases cell survival in endotheliocyte culture

To study the cytoprotective activity of peptides that mimic the spatial structure of the erythropoietin α-helix B in vitr