11,815 research outputs found
Socioeconomic Status, Neighborhood, Household Behavior, and Children's Health in the United States: Evidence from Children's Health Survey Data
Using insights from economics, pediatrics, psychology, and sociology, this paper examines the effects of income, income inequality, neighborhood characteristics, maternal health, the participation in religious services, breastfeeding, household smoking, and racial/ethnic composition of population on child health. Using aggregate data on children's health and well-being for 50 U.S. states derived from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH, 2005), we document the following results: (1) the independent effects of income inequality on children's health vary across domains of child health outcomes, as some aspects of child health (mental health) are more responsive to the immediate environment of family and neighborhood than others; (2) neighborhood characteristics are powerful predictors of children's health; (3) there is a large effect of maternal health on children's health; (4) children who participate in religious services at least once a week have less socio-emotional difficulties compared to children who do not, and (5) breastfeeding has beneficial effect on children's health, while household smoking has negative effect on children's health and well-being.Consumer/Household Economics, Health Economics and Policy,
Moving Beyond Income: Neighborhood Structure, Household Behavior, and Children's Health in the United States
Using insights from economics, pediatrics, psychology, and sociology, this paper examines the effects of income, income inequality, participation in religious services, maternal health, breastfeeding, household smoking, neighborhood characteristics, and racial/ethnic composition of population on child health. Using aggregate data on children's health and well-being for 50 U.S. states derived from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH, 2005), we document the following results: (1) neighborhood characteristics are a more powerful predictor of children's health than income; (2) there is a large effect of mother's health on children's health; (3) the independent effect of income inequality on children's health vary across domains of child health outcomes, as some aspects of child health (mental health) are more responsive to the immediate environment of family and neighborhood than others; (4) breastfeeding has beneficial effect on children's health, while household smoking has negative effect on children's health and well-being; and (5) childrens who participate in religious services at least once a week have less socio-emotional difficulties compared to children who do not.children's health, neighborhood characteristics, socioeconomic status, Health Economics and Policy, I1,
Architecture and Design of Medical Processor Units for Medical Networks
This paper introduces analogical and deductive methodologies for the design
medical processor units (MPUs). From the study of evolution of numerous earlier
processors, we derive the basis for the architecture of MPUs. These specialized
processors perform unique medical functions encoded as medical operational
codes (mopcs). From a pragmatic perspective, MPUs function very close to CPUs.
Both processors have unique operation codes that command the hardware to
perform a distinct chain of subprocesses upon operands and generate a specific
result unique to the opcode and the operand(s). In medical environments, MPU
decodes the mopcs and executes a series of medical sub-processes and sends out
secondary commands to the medical machine. Whereas operands in a typical
computer system are numerical and logical entities, the operands in medical
machine are objects such as such as patients, blood samples, tissues, operating
rooms, medical staff, medical bills, patient payments, etc. We follow the
functional overlap between the two processes and evolve the design of medical
computer systems and networks.Comment: 17 page
Relationship between Electronic and Geometric Structures of the O/Cu(001) System
The electronic structure of the
O/Cu(001) system has been calculated using locally self-consistent, real space
multiple scattering technique based on first principles. Oxygen atoms are found
to perturb differentially the long-range Madelung potentials, and hence the
local electronic subbands at neighboring Cu sites. As a result the
hybridization of the oxygen electronic states with those of its neighbors leads
to bonding of varying ionic and covalent mix. Comparison of results with those
for the c(2x2) overlayer shows that the perturbation is much stronger and the
Coulomb lattice energy much higher for it than for the
phase. The main driving force for the
0.5ML oxygen surface structure formation on Cu(001) is thus the long-range
Coulomb interaction which also controls the charge transfer and chemical
binding in the system.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figure
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Soft Glass Equiangular Spiral Photonic Crystal Fiber for Supercontinuum Generation
An equiangular spiral photonic crystal fiber (ES-PCF) design in soft glass is presented that has high nonlinearity ( gamma > 5250 W-1 middot km-1 at 1064 nm and gamma > 2150 W-1 middot km-1 at 1550 nm) with a low and flat dispersion (D ~ 0.8 ps/kmmiddotnm and dispersion slope ~ -0.7 ps/km middot nm2 at 1060 nm). The design inspired by nature is characterized by a full-vectorial finite element method. The ES-PCF presented improves over the mode confinement of triangular core designs and dispersion control of conventional hexagonal PCF, combining the advantages of both designs; it can be an excellent candidate for generating supercontinuum pumped at 1.06 mum
X-ray Structure and Properties of the Ferrous Octaethylporphyrin Nitroxyl Complex
The preparation and characterization of the iron octaethylporphyrin nitroxyl ion, [Fe(OEP)(NO)−], is reported. The complex was synthesized by the one-electron reduction of Fe(OEP)(NO) using anthracenide as the reducing agent. The compound was isolated as the potassium (2.2.2)cryptand salt. The anion was characterized using X-ray analysis with visible and infrared spectroscopy. The spectral features of the iron nitroxyl complex were consistent with previous literature reports. The important structural changes upon reduction were a significant decrease in the Fe–N–O bond angle from 142° to 127° and an increase in the N–O bond length from that in the starting nitrosyl moiety. The porphyrin ring became significantly less planar upon reduction, but the displacement of the iron atom from the 24-atom plane was essentially unchanged. In spite of the attempt to encapsulate the potassium ion with the (2.2.2)cryptand, significant interaction between K+ and the oxygen of the nitroxyl were observed, indicating a contact ion pair in the crystal structure. Comparison between the experimental structure and the DFT-calculated parameters were reported. The results are consistent with the Fe–N–O moiety being the site of the reduction, with little evidence for the reduction of the iron itself or the porphyrin ring. The proton NMR spectrum was also obtained, and the chemical shifts were significantly different from other S = 0 metalloporphyrin complexes. These shifts, though, were consistent with the DFT calculations
High-Dimensional Stochastic Design Optimization by Adaptive-Sparse Polynomial Dimensional Decomposition
This paper presents a novel adaptive-sparse polynomial dimensional
decomposition (PDD) method for stochastic design optimization of complex
systems. The method entails an adaptive-sparse PDD approximation of a
high-dimensional stochastic response for statistical moment and reliability
analyses; a novel integration of the adaptive-sparse PDD approximation and
score functions for estimating the first-order design sensitivities of the
statistical moments and failure probability; and standard gradient-based
optimization algorithms. New analytical formulae are presented for the design
sensitivities that are simultaneously determined along with the moments or the
failure probability. Numerical results stemming from mathematical functions
indicate that the new method provides more computationally efficient design
solutions than the existing methods. Finally, stochastic shape optimization of
a jet engine bracket with 79 variables was performed, demonstrating the power
of the new method to tackle practical engineering problems.Comment: 18 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Sparse Grids and
Applications--Stuttgart 2014, Lecture Notes in Computational Science and
Engineering 109, edited by J. Garcke and D. Pfl\"{u}ger, Springer
International Publishing, 201
PEMANFAATAN MATERIAL BIODEGRADABLE (BESE-ELEMENT) SEBAGAI MEDIA RESTORASI MANGROVE DI PESISIR NEGERI PASSO, KOTA AMBON
Mangrove ecosystems have potential both ecologically, economically, physically, and chemically. The abundance of this potential causes pressure from anthropogenic activities, which results in the degradation of mangrove ecosystems. Several mangrove ecosystems in the Ambon City area have experienced degradation, so restoration is necessary. The Passo State area has the potential for a dense mangrove ecosystem and can be used as a nursery area to support other ecosystems. Increasing the potential of mangrove ecosystems in the Passo State area can be done through restoration using biodegradable materials (BESE-Elements). Mangrove restoration is carried out through community service activities, a collaboration between the Maritime Center and Wardeen Burg Ecology – The Netherlands. The result of the activity is that mangrove ecosystem restoration is carried out in semi-enclosed areas using 10 BESE-Element. Each BESE-Element was planted with 10 mangrove seedlings consisting of 5 seedlings and 5 propagules. The mangrove species planted were Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora apicutala, and Rhizophora stylosa. Around BESE-Elements planted seedlings and mangrove propagules as a control for mangroves in BESE-Elements
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Metal-Coated Defect-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber for THz Propagation
Modal solutions for metal-coated defect-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a central air-hole have been obtained by using a full-vectorial finite element method to model the guidance of THz waves. It has been shown that the surface plasmon modes can couple with the defect-core PCF mode to form supermodes, with potential for sensing applications
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