Social and Cultural Theory Exposed by Gunasekaran’s Drama of ‘THODU’

A country controls and rules another country by its social, political and economical power as it is called colonization. This colonization activity has started from Aryan invasion on Dravidian people and their culture. From 19th century many countries ruled by Portuguese, Dutch, Roman countries. They explored on another country and ruled it as slave. Later The slavery system tried to break its chain and got freedom by political way. Even though the colonized countries got freedom from rued country, their footpath of colonization never vanished and developed based on new world and technology. K.A. Gunasekaran written a drama of “Thodu” which discloses that every nation must have self thinking and its effects on their country by their principle. By this play he wants to recover the Corner people and Tribes people from slavery system

Theatrical Elements in Silappathikaaram (An Epic)

Silappathikaaram is a short epic story, it has written by the pioneer of Tamil epic writer Elangovadikal. This story begins with Kovalan and Kannagi marriage life, unfortunately a beautiful dancer Maadhavi, who interefere their life and kovalan living with Maathavi. Later Kovalan and Maadhavi separated by their conflict and Kovalan joined with Kannagi to reached the Madurai. Where he wrongly punished by the King, Kannagi heard news of Kovalan murder and cursed the Madurai.This story opens in happy mood and ends in sad feeling,it has pleasure, morose and mockery and tragedy. Those are coming vice versa. Even though Kannagi anklet rings (silambu) is the reason for happy beginning and sad ending in dramatic way.This short epic shows Maadhavi's eleven types of dance and songs. Which songs reveal and attribute mono-song method of Vaettuvary, Aaitchiyar Kuravai

Life values represented by the Eight Anthologies

Love is an expression of the inner feelings of the people who have been living continuously since the Sangam period and the purpose of philosophy is to express men's bravery and to live and prosper through them. The people of the Sangam period were divided into two groups as internal and external. The ancient Tamil suppressed the love life internally and divided the inner life into two types: theft and chastity. Tholkkappiyar and iraiyanar have explained the theft and chastity through poems. The excellence of Mens love the theft and womens love the chastity are explained thoroug it. The internal messages of folk songs are similar as the sangam poems. which are oral songs that have been performed in Tamil Nadu since time immemorial. Oral songs appeared long before writing. So it can be said that oral songs are the source of internal messages found in literature

Sharks in Sangam Literary Fishermen's Lives and Contemporary Fishermen's Lives

The Sangam literature consists of texts that explain the internal lives of peoples from five ancient Tamil land divisions. In this anthology, Neythal explains the life of the sea and the fishermen who are dependent on the sea and also describes the sea creatures of marine life. Records of fishes are also found among these species. 18 types of fish are found in this way. Similarly, the writer conducted a field survey of fishermen living in Pamban village in Rameswaram circle, Ramanathapuram district, and found 204 types of fish. The five types of fish found in Sangam literature are lobster fish, codfish, shark fish, swordfish, and sawshark fish, and they are found in the lives of modern fishermen. The main occupation of fishermen is fishing. These fishing methods were documented in Sangam literature by poets of the time. Sharks mentioned in Sangam literature are also found among fishermen living in four places: Pondicherry, Cuddalore District, Mandapam, and Pampan (Ramanathapuram District). Here, the names of these sharks, their types, their habitats, characteristics of sharks, hunting of sharks, food of sharks, breeding patterns, worship of sharks, and other uses of sharks have been investigated

Effectiveness of Foot Care package on Knowledge and Skill regarding Foot Care among Diabetic Clients at selected Hospital, Chennai, 2011

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most common complications of diabetes, have an annual incidence rate of 1% to 4% and a life time risk of 15 % to 25%. Peripheral neuropathy is a major contributing factor in the development of DFU, along with deformity, callus, trauma, and vascular insufficiency. DFUs are often recalcitrant to treatment and associated with serious medical complications, such as (osteomyelitis), lower limb ischemia, amputation and death. Approximately 15% of lower extremity amputations in patient with diabetes are precipitated by a foot ulcer. Care of diabetic client’s feet is extremely important to prevent foot ulcer and amputation, patient education about foot care should include advice on daily foot inspection, daily foot wash, Nail cutting and appropriate foot wear. Physical examination should be directed toward the underlying pathology of foot ulceration. Neuropathy may be easily evaluated by monofilament test. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of foot care package on knowledge and skill regarding foot care among diabetic clients. METHODOLOGY: Design: True experimental pre test and post test design. Setting: Diabetic Out Patient Department, Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital Participants: 60 diabetic clients, who fulfilled the sample selection criteria, were selected as samples using simple random sampling technique (Lottery Method). Measurements and Tool: The level of knowledge was assessed using structured questionnaire and the level of skill was assessed using observational checklist. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Intervention Protocol: It consisted of foot care package in prevention of foot ulcer among diabetic clients. ❖ Brief discussion on the definition, causes, development of foot ulcer, and its manifestation, complications and preventive measures. ❖ Demonstration of foot care technique to diabetic clients which includes daily inspection of feet, cleaning, creaming of feet, trimming of toe nails. ❖ Pamphlets on foot care guidelines. RESULTS: The findings of the study revealed that the overall pretest mean score of knowledge was 4.43 with S.D of 1.57 and the overall post test mean score of knowledge was 16.03 with S.D of 1.79 the mean improvement knowledge score was 8.96. It showed that after the administration of foot care package there was a high significant improvement in the knowledge level of the diabetic clients with a‘t’ value of 57.670 at p < 0.001, the overall pretest mean score of skill was 2.93 with S.D 0.78 and the overall post test level of skill score was 8.40 with S.D 0.49. it showed after the administration of foot care package there was a high significant improvement in the skill level of the diabetic clients with a ‘t’ value of 30.767 at p<.0.001 level. DISCUSSION: There was a significant improvement on knowledge and skill of diabetic clients in the post test after giving the foot care package. Thus the foot care package was effective in improving the knowledge and skill of diabetic clients which in turn will improve the quality of life and prevent foot ulcer. Implications for Clinical Practice: The nurses should update their knowledge by attending seminars, continuing education programmes, workshops and conferences. All nurses who care for the diabetic clients should cultivate the habit of educating prevention advices to the client and family members. The nurses should take initiatives to formulate protocols on various aspects of diabetic foot and render standardized nursing care during hospitalization and on follow up visits. Nurse led educational program should become a reality in India which invites the nurses with higher level of educational qualification should start education based diabetic foot clinic in every community

A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding rehabilitation among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in rheumatology ward at Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease, which can cause cartilage and bone damage as well as the disability and it is not a hereditary disease. It can be develop at any age, but more commonly between the age group of 20 to 60 years. Rheumatoid arthritis cannot be cured, but people can help to adopt the self-management techniques and maximize the quality life. So the study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding rehabilitation among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in rheumatology ward at Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai 03. OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of knowledge regarding rehabilitation among patient with rheumatoid arthritis ,to determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding rehabilitation among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, to determine the association between the selected variables and posttest knowledge regarding rehabilitation among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Pre–experimental, one group pretest, posttest design was conducted. A total of 60 samples were selected by using non probability purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from the Rheumatoid arthritis patients using a semi-structured questionnaire before and after the implementation of structured teaching program. The data were tabulated and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The study results shows, there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding rehabilitation among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The obtained t-value (27.55) was greater than the table value at 0.05 level of significance. So the study concluded the structured teaching programme was effective (p < 0.001) so the level of knowledge was improved regarding rehabilitation among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There was a significant difference between selected demographic variables and post-test knowledge score of patients regarding rehabilitation among rheumatoid arthritis. It reveals that the structured teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge regarding rehabilitation among rheumatoid arthritis. Structured teaching programme is easily understandable and cost effective programme which improves the knowledge regarding rehabilitation among patients rheumatoid arthritis

Analysis of adnexal masses requiring reoperation following hysterectomy

Background: Generally, we would like to preserve ovaries during hysterectomy for benign conditions. Many of them come back with ovarian cysts and pain abdomen. Recently there were ten cases of residual ovaries requiring surgery during a year period which made us analyze these cases.Methods: This retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted in SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre. Data about residual ovaries requiring surgery were retrieved from the medical records department and operation records and analyzed.Results: There were ten cases of residual ovaries from January 2015 to December 2015 requiring surgery. In 70% of patients, residual ovary syndrome occurred within 5 years of hysterectomy. Majority (80%) of them were following abdominal hysterectomy. The most common symptom among these patients was chronic pelvic pain. Pelvic adhesions were present in most of the cases. Follicular cyst and hemorrhagic corpus luteum were the commonest pathological findings in the residual ovaries (50%). There were two cases of endometriotic cyst and a case of secondary malignant ovarian tumor with primary growth from stomach in a 40 year old woman for whom hysterectomy was performed five years ago for adenomyosis.Conclusions: When the ovaries are preserved the woman should be properly counseled and should undergo periodic clinical and ultrasonographic follow-up

Genetic mapping of Z chromosome and identification of W chromosome-specific markers in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

In the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the female is the heterogametic (ZW) sex and the male is homogametic (ZZ). The female heterogamety is a typical situation in the insect order Lepidoptera. Although the W chromosome in silkworm is strongly female determining, no W-linked gene for a morphological character has been found on it. The Z chromosome carries important traits of economic value as well as genes for various phenotypic traits, but only 2% of molecular information based on its relative size is known. Studies conducted so far indicate that the Z-linked genes are not dosage compensated. In the present study, we constructed a genetic map of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSR), and fluorescent intersimple sequence repeat PCR (FISSR) markers for the Z chromosome using a backcross mapping population. A total of 16 Z-linked markers were identified, characterized, and mapped using od, a recessive trait for translucent skin as an anchor marker yielding a total recombination map of 334.5 cM. The linkage distances obtained suggested that the markers were distributed throughout the Z chromosome. Four RAPD and four SSR markers that were linked to W chromosome were also identified. The proposed mapping approach should be useful to identify and map sex-linked traits in the silkworm. The economic and evolutionary significance of Z- and W-linked genes in silkworm, in particular, and lepidopterans, in general, is discussed

PSO based optimal distributed generation placement and capacity by considering harmonic limits

Jedinice decentralizirane proizvodnje (DG units) također se nazivaju raspršenom proizvodnjom, decentraliziranom proizvodnjom i ugrađenom proizvodnjom. Uobičajeno su to male elektrane, direktno povezane bilo s distribucijom ili potrošačem. Uspostava decentralizirane proizvodnje na temelju invertera rapidno se povećala zadnjih godina. To može biti rezultat povećane razine sekundarne frekvencije koja može prekoračiti dopušenu razinu harmonijskog izobličenja. Razina prodiranja DG ograničena je harmonijskim izobličenjem zbog nelinearne struje iz DG jedinica na bazi invertera. U ovom je radu određena maksimalna razina penetracije DG, uzimajući u obzir harmonijska ograničenja. Harmonici su određeni pristupom odvojenog harmonijskog protoka snage (DHPF). Ograničenja ovog predloženog problema uključuju jednadžbe balansiranja snage, ograničenja napona sabirnice, ukupne i pojedinačne granice harmonijskog izobličenja specificiranog normom IEEE-519. Problem je riješen primjenom tehnike optimizacije pomoću algoritma optimizacije roja čestica. Rezultati simulacije dobiveni su primjenom MATPOWER/MATLAB u sustavima ispitivanja sabirnice IEEE 30 i IEEE 57, a rezultati dokazuju učinkovitost predloženog pristupa.Distributed Generation (DG) units are also called Dispersed Generation, Decentralized Generation and Embedded Generation. They are normally small generating plants, connected directly to either distribution side or customer side. The installation of inverter-based distributed generation (DG) has increased rapidly in recent years. This higher penetration level may result in the increased level of harmonics, which could exceed the permissible harmonic distortion level. The penetration level of DG is restricted by harmonic distortion, because of the nonlinear current injected by inverter based DG units. In this work, the maximum DG penetration level is determined, by considering the harmonic limits. The harmonics are determined by using the Decoupled Harmonic Power Flow (DHPF) approach. The constraints of this proposed problem include power balance equations, bus voltage limits, total and individual harmonic distortion limits specified by IEEE-519 standard. The problem is solved by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based optimization technique. Simulation results are obtained by MATPOWER/MATLAB in IEEE 30 and IEEE 57 bus test systems and the results prove the effectiveness of this proposed approach

Computational studies on new Leishmanial drug targets against Quercetin

Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasite which resides in the infected sand flies. Control of Leishmaniasis remains a source of grave concern worldwide. Studies on Leishmaniasis triggered because of its outbreak in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, East Africa and South America. There is an urgent need for new therapeutic interventions such as vaccine and new drug targets as it develops resistance towards the available drugs. Quercetin, a derivative of polyphenolic flavonoid exhibits various biological activities by interacting with proteins and nucleic acids. In this study, computational analysis was performed to identify the potential drug target of Quercetin in Leishmania species by molecular docking. The newly predicted targets were subjected for subcellular localization prediction and determined the protein-protein interaction networks that would aid in the development of anti-Leishmanial drugs. This study helps in the identification of targets and development of anti-Leishmanial drugs