New twisted intermetallic compound superconductor: A concept

Method for processing Nb3Sn and other intermetallic compound superconductors produces a twisted, stabilized wire or tube which can be used to wind electromagnetics, armatures, rotors, and field windings for motors and generators as well as other magnetic devices

Levels and Variations of Violation in Rape.

This chapter investigates the variations in crime scene behaviour revealed in a sample of victim statements in cases of stranger sexual assault. Building on previous findings by Canter and Heritage (1990), and Canter (1994), it was hypothesised that there existed a scale of differing levels of violation by the offender. This scale, based upon actions in the offence, ranged from personal violation, through to physical violation and finally, at the most extreme level, sexual violation. Offences could also be differentiated at the personal and physical levels in terms of hostile, controlling, stealing or involving thematic emphases to the criminal’s actions. To test these hypotheses, crime scene data from the first detected offences of 112 British rapists were analysed using a multi-dimensional scaling procedure to explore the relationships amongst crime scene actions. The results provided empirical support for the four action themes as different expressions of various intensities of violation. The implications that these findings have for the investigation of stranger sexual assault and treatment of victims are discussed

Method of fabricating a twisted composite superconductor

A method of producing a twisted, stabilized wire or tube superconductor which can be used to wind electromagnets, armatures, rotors, field windings for motors and generators, and other magnetic devices which use a solenoid, toroidal, or other type winding is reported. At least one groove is formed along the length of a wire substrate which is then twisted into a helix and a layer of intermetallic superconducting material is formed in the groove. This layer can be formed by depositing the desired intermetallic compound into the groove or by diffusing one component of the superconductor into the groove formed in a substrate composed of the other component. The superconductor prepared by this method comprises a non-superconductor wire twisted into the shape of a helix, having at least one groove containing a layer of superconductor material along the length of the wire

Spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage

The diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage can be arrived clinically through the observation of various symptoms and signs, whereby a list of the main pathophysiological processes is provided together with the relative causes. Not all cases of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage are presented with easily recognized symptoms. For this reason a broad diagnosis is required and in this regard the author highlights four methods to properly diagnose and treat this illness. These methods entail the mundane art of history taking, the hunt-down attitude in the clinical examination, the judicious use of investigative procedures and the adequate neurosurgical intervention. Each method is then illustrated with relevant case studies. It is of utmost importance that cases are treated with adequate management in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this ailment.peer-reviewe

Corporate and Business Law

In the 2011 session, the Virginia General Assembly passed House Bill 2358, Benefit Corporations, to be codified as article 22 (the Benefit Corporations Article ) of the Virginia Stock Corporation Act ( VSCA ). The Benefit Corporations Article is largely based on legislation prepared in other states and allows a Virginia corporation to elect in its articles of incorporation to be treated as a benefit corporation. These for-profit corporations are required to pursue not only profitability but also a general public benefit and, if one so elects, one or more specific public benefits. In Section II of this article, the author discusses the Benefit Corporations Article in detail. Section III examines some aspects ofthe Benefit Corporations Article for social entrepreneurs and practitioners to consider before making the benefit corporation election. In Section IV, the author asks whether practitioners and social entrepreneurs can achieve some of the same corporate governance objectives by private ordering without electing to be treated as benefit corporations. Finally, Section V concludes withsome observations about the Benefit Corporations Article itself

Role of Electon Excitation and Nature of Molecular Gas in Cluster Central Elliptical Galaxies

We present observations in CO(3-2) that, combined with previous observations in CO(2-1), constrain the physical properties of the filamentary molecular gas in the central $\sim$6.5 kpc of NGC 1275, the central giant elliptical galaxy of the Perseus cluster. We find this molecular gas to have a temperature $\gtrsim 20$ K and a density $\sim$$10^2$-$10^4 {\rm \ cm^{-3}}$, typically warmer and denser than the bulk of Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) in the Galaxy. Bathed in the harsh radiation and particle field of the surrounding intracluster X-ray gas, the molecular gas likely has a much higher ionization fraction than that of GMCs. For an ionization fraction of $\sim$$10^{-4}$, similar to that of Galactic diffuse ($\lesssim 250 {\rm \ cm^{-3}}$) partially-molecular clouds that emit in HCN(1-0) and HCO$^+$(1-0), we show that the same gas traced in CO can produce the previously reported emissions in HCN(3-2), HCO$^+$(3-2), and CN(2-1) from NGC 1275; the dominant source of excitation for all the latter molecules is collisions with electrons. To prevent collapse, as evidenced by the lack of star formation in the molecular filaments, they must consist of thin strands that have cross-sectional radii $\lesssim$0.2-2 pc if supported solely by thermal gas pressure; larger radii are permissible if turbulence or poloidal magnetic fields provide additional pressure support. We point out that the conditions required to relate CO luminosities to molecular gas masses in our Galaxy are unlikely to apply in cluster central elliptical galaxies. Rather than being virialized structures analogous to GMCs, we propose that the molecular gas in NGC 1275 comprises pressure-confined structures created by turbulent flows.Comment: 41 pages, 1 table, 12 figures; accepted by Ap

Virginia is for Lovers and Directors: Important Differences Between Fiduciary Duties in Virginia and Delaware

Virginia and Delaware have different approaches to a director’s fiduciary duties. The Virginia Stock Corporation Act imposes a deferential subjective standard of conduct that allows the more-frequent application of its business judgment rule. Virginia courts have followed the Virginia Stock Corporation Act and have shown even more deference to the decisions of directors than the Virginia Stock Corporation Act may require. In addition, Virginia courts have been reluctant to hold that additional constituencies, beyond the corporation and shareholders as a class, are owed fiduciary duties. Finally, Virginia courts have not imposed “enhanced scrutiny” on the decisions of directors involving hostile takeovers or changes of corporate control analogous to those fashioned by Delaware in Unocol Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co. and Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc. Virginia does not impose fiduciary duties between shareholders or between the board and minority shareholders, while Delaware has fashioned such duties. The statutory and judicial deference in Virginia, the narrower set of constituencies to attack a director’s action or inaction, and the absence of any enhanced scrutiny in the hostile takeover and change of control context gives Virginia a strong argument that it is more director-friendly than Delaware

Corporate and Business Law

Over the past three years, there have been a number of legislative changes to Virginia\u27s business entity statutes. In Part I,this article highlights the changes to the Virginia Stock Corporation Act ( VSCA ) and the Virginia Nonstock Corporation Act (\u27 VNSCA ). Part II highlights changes to the Limited Liability Company Act ( LLC Act ). Part III summarizes Virginia\u27s new intrastate crowdfunding law. The Supreme Court of Virginia has also addressed several significant issues over the last three years, including the applicability of appraisal rights in a stepped transaction. Part IV reviews several of the significant cases during this period