Spontaneous symmetry breaking for long-wave gravitons in the early Universe

It is shown that nonlinear terms in equations of gravitons on the background of curved space-time of the expanding Universe can solve the problem of the negative square of the effective mass formally arising in linear approximation for gravitons. Similar to well known spontaneous breaking of symmetry in Goldstone model one must take another vacuum so that nonzero vacuum expectation value of the quantized graviton field leads to change of spectrum for gravitons. There appears two graviton fields, one with the positive mass, another with the zero mass. Energy density and the density of particles created by gravitation of the expanding Universe are calculated for some special cases of the scale factor. Numerical results are obtained for the dust universe case.Comment: 13 page

Conductivity in Two-Dimensional Disordered Model with Anisotropic Long-Range Hopping

We consider two-dimensional system of particles localized on randomly distributed sites of squared lattice with anisotropic transfer matrix elements between localized sites. By summing of "diffusion ladder" and "cooperon ladder" type vertices we calculated the conductivity for various sites and particles densities.Comment: Latex, 10 page

Distribution, Abundance, and Epidemiological Significance of <I>Ixodes ricinus</I> Ticks in the Territory of the Tula Region

Based on the analysis of the information concerning distribution and abundance of Ixodidae ticks in the territory of the Tula Region (1998-2012), obtained have been the new data on the expansion of I. ricinus habitat. Results of phyto-geographical zoning of the region have served as a landscape base for investigation of regularities as regards spatial distribution of the species. Specified have been the territories with low, medium, and high population density rate. Biotopes with the most favorable environmental conditions for the species are situated in the mixed woods of the Prioksky region and broad-leaved forests - of the Zasechny one. As for the forest-steppe areas, optimum biotopes are localized in the highland and steppificated oakwoods in the south of South-Eastern Region. Thus it has been established that in the recent decade I. ricinus ticks can be found not only in the forest areas, but in the forest-steppe ones too. This may be related to the increase in their numbers under favorable environmental conditions, reduction of farming lands, and shrub invasion. Average value for I. ricinus numbers in the forest area reaches 39.4 specimen/flag-kilometer; in the forest-steppe zone - 23.7 specimen/flag-kilometer. Identified have been potentially hazardous territories as regards natural-focal tick-borne infections, the agent circulation and transmission of which is sustained by I. ricinus. The finding in its turn sets the grounds for carrying out specific epizootiological surveillance and regulation of preventive measures

Scattering of quasi-optical THz beams on spherical MWCNTs aerogels

Results of research of lateral scattering of electromagnetic radiation by aerogel of MWCNTs are presented. Frequency dependences of lateral scattering of THz radiation of spherical MWCNTs aerogels with diameter of 4.5 and 6 mm at frequency range 43-970 GHz are given

Spin-down of neutron stars by neutrino emission

We study the spin-down of a neutron star during its early stages due to the neutrino emission. The mechanism we consider is the subsequent collisions of the produced neutrinos with the outer shells of the star. We find that this mechanism can indeed slow down the star rotation but only in the first tens of seconds of the core formation, which is when the appropriate conditions of flux and collision rate are met. We find that this mechanism can extract less than 1 % of the star angular momentum, a result which is much less than previously estimated by other authors.Comment: 9 pages, 2 eps figures, RevTeX 4-1. The paper was significantly modified. Now it addresses only the issues of a neutron star spin-down. Version to be published in Phys. Rev.

Black Sea coastal forecasting system

The Black Sea coastal nowcasting and forecasting system was built within the framework of EU FP6 ECOOP (European COastalshelf sea OPerational observing and forecasting system) project for five regions: the south-western basin along the coasts of Bulgaria and Turkey, the north-western shelf along the Romanian and Ukrainian coasts, coastal zone around of the Crimea peninsula, the north-eastern Russian coastal zone and the coastal zone of Georgia. The system operates in the real-time mode during the ECOOP project and afterwards. The forecasts include temperature, salinity and current velocity fields. Ecosystem model operates in the off-line mode near the Crimea coast

Radiative heat transfer between nanostructures

We simplify the formalism of Polder and Van Hove [Phys.Rev.B {\bf 4}, 3303(1971)], which was developed to calculate the heat transfer between macroscopic and nanoscale bodies of arbitrary shape, dispersive and adsorptive dielectric properties. In the non-retarded limit, at small distances between the bodies, the problem is reduced to the solution of an electrostatic problem. We apply the formalism to the study of the heat transfer between: (a) two parallel semi-infinite bodies, (b) a semi-infinite body and a spherical body, and (c) that two spherical bodies. We consider the dependence of the heat transfer on the temperature $T$, the shape and the separation $d$. We determine when retardation effects become important.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure