Особенности применения комбинированного подхода к оцениванию неопределённости результатов измерений

The article exposes description of features of the combined approach application to the evaluation of measurement results uncertainty. The aim of this work is the justification and development of new science-driven approaches to achieve maximum efficacy of measurements on the criteria "accuracy/costs" at the stated level of confidence.It provides theoretical base for correctness of combined approach to assess measurement results uncertainty. There is proposition to conventionally divide measurement process into fragments – combining objects, each from shall be considered as individual element for evaluation. It is well known that combining objects can be formed by grouping individual components (resources) of the measurement process either via separate stages of the measurement process.Correctness of such approach is based on the application of "resource" and "process" approaches as regards identification of the factors that affect the measurement results uncertainty. This article provides recommendations on selection of model or empiric approach for evaluating of particular contributions from combining objects of different types into total uncertainty of the final measurement result. In order to improve the validity of empiric approach of the criteria of sufficiency of measurement method uncertainty examination was formulated. It is recommended to evaluate the total uncertainty of the final measurement result by complexation of evaluations of particular total uncertainty of the results for all fragments according to the uncertainties distribution law.It is determined two typical cases of effective application of the combined approach to evaluation of measurement results uncertainty: method of direct measurements and method of indirect measurements. This article considers features of effective application of the combined approach for both situations providing corresponding examples. Special attention is paid to the application of the combined approach to assessing the test results uncertainty. As distinct from the measurement process realized under normal conditions, testing process includes additional external influence factors that are determined by test conditions.Рассмотрены особенности эффективного применения комбинированного подхода к оцениванию неопределённости результатов измерений. Целью данной работы являлось обоснование и развитие новых наукоёмких подходов по достижению максимальной эффективности измерений по критерию «точность/трудоёмкость» при заданной степени доверия.Теоретически обоснована корректность комбинированного подхода к оцениванию неопределённости результатов измерений. Предложено процесс измерения условно делить на фрагменты – объекты комбинирования, каждый из которых следует рассматривать как самостоятельный элемент оценивания. Установлено, что объекты комбинирования могут быть сформированы путём группирования либо отдельных компонентов (ресурсов) процесса измерений, либо отдельных этапов процесса измерений.Корректность такого подхода обоснована применением «ресурсного» и «процессного» подходов к идентификации влияющих на неопределённость результата измерений. Приведены рекомендации по выбору модельного или эмпирического подходов для оценивания частных вкладов объектов комбинирования различного типа в суммарную неопределённость конечного результата измерений. Для повышения достоверности эмпирического подхода сформулирован критерий достаточности исследования неопределённости метода измерений. Оценивание суммарной неопределённости конечного результата измерений рекомендовано производить путём комплексирования оценок частных суммарных неопределённостей результатов всех фрагментов по закону распространения неопределённостей.Выделены два типичных случая эффективного применения комбинированного подхода к оцениванию неопределённости результатов измерений: метод прямых измерений и метод косвенных измерений. Рассмотрены особенности эффективного применения комбинированного подхода для обеих ситуаций на конкретных примерах. Особое внимание уделено применению комбинированного подхода для оценивания неопределённости результатов испытаний. В отличие от процесса измерений, реализуемого в нормальных условиях, в процесс испытаний вовлечены дополнительные факторы внешних воздействий, определённые условиями испытаний

Оценка производственной технологичности конструкции в жизненном цикле изделия

On the basis of technical and economic analysis of the properties of relations between design and technological solutions, a method for the integral assessment of production manufacturability by combining individual manufacturability coefficients at different stages of the product life cycle is suggested. Separate coefficients take into account the influence degree of various constituent stages on the labor intensity of production and maintenance, repair and disposal of the product structure. Design and technological solutions in design systems imply the use of properties such as reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity. As a result, it is proposed to understand the properties set of the product design that determine its adaptability to achieve optimal costs in production and disposal for specified quality indicators and work conditions. A list of manufacturability coefficients of manufacturing a product design has been determined, including coefficients of purchase, repeatability of details and connections, material hardness, borrowing, typing, precision, roughness, mass. An examination of the effectiveness assessment the use tools, equipment and other objects of the technological environment at the stages design and technological production preparation is formalized. The examination includes an analysis of the frequency and duration of the meeting of structural parts elements and the tools state at the stages of their manufacture, operation and disposal.На основе технико-экономического анализа свойств отношений конструкторско-технологических решений предложен метод интегральной оценки производственной технологичности путем объединения отдельных коэффициентов технологичности на различных этапах жизненного цикла изделия. Отдельные коэффициенты учитывают степень влияния различных составляющих этапов на трудоемкость производства и обслуживания, ремонта и утилизации конструкции изделия. Конструкторско-технологические решения в системах проектирования предполагают использование таких свойств, как рефлексивность, симметричность и транзитивность. В результате предложено под производственной технологичностью понимать совокупность свойств конструкции изделия, определяющих ее приспособленность к достижению оптимальных затрат при производстве и утилизации для заданных показателей качества и условий выполнения работ. Определен перечень коэффициентов технологичности изготовления конструкции изделия, включающий коэффициенты покупаемости, повторяемости деталей и соединений, твердости материала, заимствования, типизации, точности, шероховатости, массы. Формализована экспертиза оценки эффективности применения инструментов, средств оснащения и других объектов технологической среды на стадиях конструкторской и технологической подготовки производства. Экспертиза включает анализ частоты и продолжительности встречи конструктивных элементов деталей и состояния инструментов на этапах их изготовления, эксплуатации и утилизации

РИСК-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫЙ ПОДХОД К РАЗРАБОТКЕ МЕТОДИК КОНТРОЛЯ

The necessity for scientific and methodical study of methods for monitoring the characteristics of flameresistance of building structures has the highest priority in the field of fire safety. The aim of this work was to provide the required degree of reliability of the results of quality control of flame-resistant coatings of building structures and high efficiency of decisions due to the risk-based approach to the development of control methods.Substantiated risk-based approach to the development of methods of control, involving the consideration on the basis of process model, control flame-resistance of building object in all possible potential problems that can cause the risk of incorrect decision-making. A model of the risks arising from the control of the flameretardant coating thickness has been developed. Two major risk groups have been identified. The first group is related to the uncertainty of coating thickness measurement at a single control point. The second group of risks is related to the unrepresentativeness of selective control over the entire surface of the construction object as a whole Potential risk sources have been identified for each group. For the entire range of sources of particular risks the results of studies of the mechanisms of their manifestation, the estimated degree of influence on the accuracy of the control of compliance of flame-retardant coating thickness requirements. The analysis is carried out on the basis of both theoretical and experimental statistical studies on a number of construction projects.According to the results of the analysis of all particular risks of control unreliability, rational ways of their minimization in the form of technical or organizational and technical measures, which are refl in the developed project of the control method, are proposed. Project control method was built on the basis of a agreed scheme of control of the thickness of the fl coating of building structures sequentially the three parties. Formulated and solved the task of the metrological control of the thickness of the flame-retardant coating as indirect measurement methods non-destructive thickness measurements. Theoretical and applied aspects of the process of flame-retardant coating thickness control of building structures under conditions of high risk of making incorrect decisions on the results of control are considered.Необходимость научно-методической проработки методик контроля характеристик огнестойкости строительных конструкций (СК) имеет наивысший приоритет в области обеспечения пожарной безопасности. Целью данной работы являлось обеспечение требуемой степени достоверности результатов контроля качества огнестойких покрытий строительных конструкций и высокой эффективности принимаемых решений за счет риск-ориентированного подхода к разработке методики контроля.Обоснован риск-ориентированный подход к разработке методики контроля, предполагающий рассмотрение на базе процессной модели контроля огнестойкости строительного объекта всех возможных потенциальных проблем, которые могут вызвать риск некорректного принятия решения. Разработана модель рисков, возникающих при контроле толщины огнезащитного покрытия. Идентифицированы две основные группы рисков. Первая группа связана с неопределенностью измерения толщины покрытия в единичной точке контроля. Вторая группа рисков связана с нерепрезентативностью выборочного контроля всей поверхности строительного объекта в целом. Для каждой группы определены потенциальные источники рисков. Для всего комплекса источников частных рисков приведены результаты исследований механизмов их проявления, оценена степень влияния на достоверность контроля соответствия толщины огнезащитного покрытия требованиям. Анализ проведен на основе как теоретических, так и экспериментальных статистических исследований на ряде строительных объектов.По результатам анализа всех частных рисков недостоверности контроля предложены рациональные пути их минимизации в виде технических или организационно-технических мер, нашедших отражение в разработанном проекте методики контроля. Проект методики контроля построен на основе согласованной схемы контроля толщины огнезащитного покрытия строительных конструкций последовательно тремя сторонами.Сформулирована и решена метрологическая задача контроля толщины огнезащитного покрытия как косвенное измерение неразрушающими методами толщинометрии. Рассмотрены теоретические и прикладные аспекты процесса контроля толщины огнезащитного покрытия строительных конструкций в условиях высокого риска принятия некорректного решения по результатам контроля

Method of singular wavelet: data approximation and smoothing according to process effectiveness

This work examines the universal algorithm of function approximation by method of singular wavelets, which allows to solve a problem of function smoothing and interpolation (quasi-interpolation) given on non-uniform mesh at Rn

Особенности применения комбинированного подхода к оцениванию неопределённости результатов измерений

The article exposes description of features of the combined approach application to the evaluation of measurement results uncertainty. The aim of this work is the justification and development of new science-driven approaches to achieve maximum efficacy of measurements on the criteria "accuracy/costs" at the stated level of confidence. It provides theoretical base for correctness of combined approach to assess measurement results uncertainty. There is proposition to conventionally divide measurement process into fragments – combining objects, each from shall be considered as individual element for evaluation. It is well known that combining objects can be formed by grouping individual components (resources) of the measurement process either via separate stages of the measurement process. Correctness of such approach is based on the application of "resource" and "process" approaches as regards identification of the factors that affect the measurement results uncertainty. This article provides recommendations on selection of model or empiric approach for evaluating of particular contributions from combining objects of different types into total uncertainty of the final measurement result. In order to improve the validity of empiric approach of the criteria of sufficiency of measurement method uncertainty examination was formulated. It is recommended to evaluate the total uncertainty of the final measurement result by complexation of evaluations of particular total uncertainty of the results for all fragments according to the uncertainties distribution law. It is determined two typical cases of effective application of the combined approach to evaluation of measurement results uncertainty: method of direct measurements and method of indirect measurements. This article considers features of effective application of the combined approach for both situations providing corresponding examples. Special attention is paid to the application of the combined approach to assessing the test results uncertainty. As distinct from the measurement process realized under normal conditions, testing process includes additional external influence factors that are determined by test conditions

Features of Аpplication of a Сombined Аpproach to the Еvaluation of the Мeasurement Results Uncertainty

The article exposes description of features of the combined approach application to the evaluation of measurement results uncertainty. The aim of this work is the justification and development of new science-driven approaches to achieve maximum efficacy of measurements on the criteria "accuracy/costs" at the stated level of confidence.It provides theoretical base for correctness of combined approach to assess measurement results uncertainty. There is proposition to conventionally divide measurement process into fragments – combining objects, each from shall be considered as individual element for evaluation. It is well known that combining objects can be formed by grouping individual components (resources) of the measurement process either via separate stages of the measurement process.Correctness of such approach is based on the application of "resource" and "process" approaches as regards identification of the factors that affect the measurement results uncertainty. This article provides recommendations on selection of model or empiric approach for evaluating of particular contributions from combining objects of different types into total uncertainty of the final measurement result. In order to improve the validity of empiric approach of the criteria of sufficiency of measurement method uncertainty examination was formulated. It is recommended to evaluate the total uncertainty of the final measurement result by complexation of evaluations of particular total uncertainty of the results for all fragments according to the uncertainties distribution law.It is determined two typical cases of effective application of the combined approach to evaluation of measurement results uncertainty: method of direct measurements and method of indirect measurements. This article considers features of effective application of the combined approach for both situations providing corresponding examples. Special attention is paid to the application of the combined approach to assessing the test results uncertainty. As distinct from the measurement process realized under normal conditions, testing process includes additional external influence factors that are determined by test conditions

Method of singular wavelet: data approximation and smoothing according to process effectiveness

This work examines the universal algorithm of function approximation by method of singular wavelets, which allows to solve a problem of function smoothing and interpolation (quasi-interpolation) given on non-uniform mesh at Rn

THE RISK-ORIENTED APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL METHOD

The necessity for scientific and methodical study of methods for monitoring the characteristics of flameresistance of building structures has the highest priority in the field of fire safety. The aim of this work was to provide the required degree of reliability of the results of quality control of flame-resistant coatings of building structures and high efficiency of decisions due to the risk-based approach to the development of control methods.Substantiated risk-based approach to the development of methods of control, involving the consideration on the basis of process model, control flame-resistance of building object in all possible potential problems that can cause the risk of incorrect decision-making. A model of the risks arising from the control of the flameretardant coating thickness has been developed. Two major risk groups have been identified. The first group is related to the uncertainty of coating thickness measurement at a single control point. The second group of risks is related to the unrepresentativeness of selective control over the entire surface of the construction object as a whole Potential risk sources have been identified for each group. For the entire range of sources of particular risks the results of studies of the mechanisms of their manifestation, the estimated degree of influence on the accuracy of the control of compliance of flame-retardant coating thickness requirements. The analysis is carried out on the basis of both theoretical and experimental statistical studies on a number of construction projects.According to the results of the analysis of all particular risks of control unreliability, rational ways of their minimization in the form of technical or organizational and technical measures, which are refl in the developed project of the control method, are proposed. Project control method was built on the basis of a agreed scheme of control of the thickness of the fl coating of building structures sequentially the three parties. Formulated and solved the task of the metrological control of the thickness of the flame-retardant coating as indirect measurement methods non-destructive thickness measurements. Theoretical and applied aspects of the process of flame-retardant coating thickness control of building structures under conditions of high risk of making incorrect decisions on the results of control are considered

Atmospheric Plasma Spraying Evolution Since the Sixties Through Modeling, Measurements and Sensors

International audienceThis paper presents, through examples, the evolutions of atmospheric plasma spraying since the sixties. The drastic improvement of the spray conditions and coatings reproducibility during more than 50 years was linked both to researches in laboratories and developments of spray equipment’s (plasma torches, computerized control panels, robots to spray coatings on complex parts, sensors working in the harsh environment of spray booths…). This evolution is illustrated through the following topics: (1) plasma forming gas thermodynamic and transport properties either at local thermodynamic equilibrium or more recently at two temperatures; (2) evolution of plasma spray torches since the nineties; (3) plasma jet and in-flight particle measurements with laboratory equipment’s and then sensors in spray booths; (4) plasma jets and torches modeling as well as heat and momentum transfer to particles; (5) splats formation and layering

Closely related, yet unique: Distinct homo- and heterodimerization patterns of G protein coupled chemokine receptors and their fine-tuning by cholesterol

Chemokine receptors, a subclass of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), play essential roles in the human immune system, they are involved in cancer metastasis as well as in HIV-infection. A plethora of studies show that homo- and heterodimers or even higher order oligomers of the chemokine receptors CXCR4, CCR5, and CCR2 modulate receptor function. In addition, membrane cholesterol affects chemokine receptor activity. However, structural information about homo- and heterodimers formed by chemokine receptors and their interplay with cholesterol is limited. Here, we report homo- and heterodimer configurations of the chemokine receptors CXCR4, CCR5, and CCR2 at atomistic detail, as obtained from thousands of molecular dynamics simulations. The observed homodimerization patterns were similar for the closely related CC chemokine receptors, yet they differed significantly between the CC receptors and CXCR4. Despite their high sequence identity, cholesterol modulated the CC homodimer interfaces in a subtype-specific manner. Chemokine receptor heterodimers display distinct dimerization patterns for CXCR4/CCR5 and CXCR4/CCR2. Furthermore, associations between CXCR4 and CCR5 reveal an increased cholesterol-sensitivity as compared to CXCR4/CCR2 heterodimerization patterns. This work provides a first comprehensive structural overview over the complex interaction network between chemokine receptors and indicates how heterodimerization and the interaction with the membrane environment diversifies the function of closely related GPCRs