ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY OF RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT TRENDS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Abstract Purpose: A new scientific problem is posed and substantiated: the need to take into account the African economic development trends in the system of ensuring the economic security of Russia. In this context, in order to assess the security of the national economy and the competitive position of Russia, the results of scientific studies of the main development trends and threats in Africa, the position of various countries on the African continent are analyzed. Methodology: The authors are based on the analysis of current scientific literature, government official documents, and statistical reports. The main methods of research are analytical review, comparison, systematic approach, cultural and civilizational approach. Result: The article substantiates the position that taking into account the development trends of the African continent is an important component in the system of assessing the national economic security of Russia in the current period and in the future, ensuring competitiveness and strengthening the economic sovereignty of Russia, analyzing the potential of interaction with African countries in the management practice. Applications: This research can be used for the universities, teachers and education students. Novelty/Originality: The authors formulate the main directions of the activation of scientific research and concentration of practical efforts to improve the national economic security of Russia in the context of the development trend of the African continent

Технические системы цифрового контроля качества обработки почвы

The production of tillage equipment is focused on the growing use of soil-protective and resource-saving farming and the use of the precision agriculture in tillage principles. The differentiated tillage concept arose, and occupied an intermediate position between traditional and anti-erosion (shallow) types of tillage. The authors conducted an analysis of technical systems for tillage quality digital control taking into account the indicated trends. They indicated that there was a certain inconsistency in the soil cultivation systems names in the scientific literature. (Research purpose) To provide an analytical overview of the tillage digital quality control technical systems. (Materials and methods) The authors used manufacturers’ brochures of tillage equipment, patents and scientific works. (Results and discussion) The authors examined the commercial offers existing in the world market in the differentiated tillage and digital quality control systems spheres. They presented an analysis of similar solutions available in the world scientific literature. They studied the issues of controlling the angle of disks’ attack, the depth of tillage, the soil surface ridging, the average size of the soil lumps, the amount of crop residues, determining the soil properties in a non-contact way. They identified the fragmentation of scientific and industrial developments in the sphere of tillage quality control. They suggested combining them into one system to automate the process of differentiated tillage. (Conclusions) It was shown that tillage equipment is becoming more adaptable in terms of meeting the specific requirements of the farmer for tillage. The authors identified promising areas for the future development of tillage machines: the inclusion of different subsystems of tillage quality digital control in the same system and the automation of differentiated tillage.Производство почвообрабатывающей техники ориентировано на растущее применение почвозащитного и ресурсосберегающего земледелия и использование принципов точного сельского хозяйства в почвообработке. Возникло понятие дифференцированной обработки почвы, которая занимает промежуточное положение между традиционной и противоэрозийной (неглубокой) обработками. Провели анализ технических систем цифрового контроля качества обработки почвы с учетом указанных тенденций. Показали, что в научной литературе существует определенная несогласованность в наименованиях систем обработки почвы. (Цель исследования) Представить аналитический обзор технических систем цифрового контроля качества обработки почвы. (Материалы и методы) Использовали проспекты компаний-производителей почвообрабатывающей техники, патенты и научные работы. (Результаты и обсуждение) Рассмотрели существующие на мировом рынке коммерческие предложения в сфере дифференцированной обработки почвы и системы цифрового контроля качества. Представили анализ аналогичных решений, имеющихся в мировой научной литературе. Изучили вопросы контроля угла атаки дисков, глубины обработки почвы, гребнистости поверхности почвы, средних размеров комков почвы, количества пожнивных остатков, определения свойств почвы бесконтактным способом. Выявили разрозненность научных и производственных разработок в сфере контроля качества обработки почвы. Предложили объединить их в одну систему, чтобы автоматизировать процесс дифференцированной почвообработки. (Выводы) Показали, что почвообрабатывающая техника становится все более адаптируемой в плане выполнения специфических требований фермера к обработке почвы. Определили перспективные направления для будущего развития почвообрабатывающих машин: включение в одну систему разных подсистем цифрового контроля качества обработки почвы и автоматизация дифференцированной почвообработки

Astrocytic Ca2+ Waves Guide CNS Growth Cones to Remote Regions of Neuronal Activity

Activity plays a critical role in network formation during developmental, experience-dependent, and injury related remodeling. Here we report a mechanism by which axon trajectory can be altered in response to remote neuronal activity. Using photoconductive stimulation to trigger high frequency action potentials in rat hippocampal neurons in vitro, we find that activity functions as an attractive cue for growth cones in the local environment. The underlying guidance mechanism involves astrocyte Ca2+ waves, as the connexin-43 antagonist carbenoxolone abolishes the attraction when activity is initiated at a distance greater than 120 µm. The asymmetric growth cone filopodia extension that precedes turning can be blocked with CNQX (10 µM), but not with the ATP and adenosine receptor antagonists suramin (100 µM) and alloxazine (4 µM), suggesting non-NMDA glutamate receptors on the growth cone mediate the interaction with astrocytes. These results define a potential long-range signalling pathway for activity-dependent axon guidance in which growth cones turn towards directional, temporally coordinated astrocyte Ca2+ waves that are triggered by neuronal activity. To assess the viability of the guidance effect in an injury paradigm, we performed the assay in the presence of conditioned media from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated purified microglial cultures, as well as directly activating the glia present in our co-cultures. Growth cone attraction was not inhibited under these conditions, suggesting this mechanism could be used to guide regeneration following axonal injury

Technical Systems for Digital Soil Quality Control

The production of tillage equipment is focused on the growing use of soil-protective and resource-saving farming and the use of the precision agriculture in tillage principles. The differentiated tillage concept arose, and occupied an intermediate position between traditional and anti-erosion (shallow) types of tillage. The authors conducted an analysis of technical systems for tillage quality digital control taking into account the indicated trends. They indicated that there was a certain inconsistency in the soil cultivation systems names in the scientific literature. (Research purpose) To provide an analytical overview of the tillage digital quality control technical systems. (Materials and methods) The authors used manufacturers’ brochures of tillage equipment, patents and scientific works. (Results and discussion) The authors examined the commercial offers existing in the world market in the differentiated tillage and digital quality control systems spheres. They presented an analysis of similar solutions available in the world scientific literature. They studied the issues of controlling the angle of disks’ attack, the depth of tillage, the soil surface ridging, the average size of the soil lumps, the amount of crop residues, determining the soil properties in a non-contact way. They identified the fragmentation of scientific and industrial developments in the sphere of tillage quality control. They suggested combining them into one system to automate the process of differentiated tillage. (Conclusions) It was shown that tillage equipment is becoming more adaptable in terms of meeting the specific requirements of the farmer for tillage. The authors identified promising areas for the future development of tillage machines: the inclusion of different subsystems of tillage quality digital control in the same system and the automation of differentiated tillage