PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE REDUNDANCY ON THE EXAMPLE OF A SCIENTIFIC TEXT

Language redundancy is an actual problem for native Russian speakers. In this article, the authors consider the issue of linguistic redundancy in written communication, and describe some of its aspects using examples derived from various scientific and popular-scientific articles in the field of humanities (psychology, linguistics, literary criticism) selected from public Internet sources. The article describes the history of the scientific study of the problem of linguistic redundancy in texts of various styles, presents a typology of examples of linguistic redundancy primarily at the level of a combination of lexical units and at the level of text construction. The research also gives arguments on the reasons for linguistic redundancy emergence and possible steps to overcome it. The object of the study is a popular-scientific and scientific text, the subject of the study are stylistic errors and elements of language redundancy. The material of the analysis is represented in the texts obtained by the method of continuous sampling from collections of scientific articles in the Russian language, posted on the Internet. In each specific example, the authors propose their own way of expressing content without unnecessary lexical units, omitting or replacing them with synonyms and synonymous expressions. The stylistic error causing the problem of linguistic redundancy is a violation of the formal connection of sentences in the text, in which the reference words or link words are repeated. The article provides their typology and examples of errors of this type. The scientific novelty of the research is primarily related to the lack of research on linguistic redundancy on the material of scientific texts In Russian. The authors of the article see the practical value and possible implementation of the results in the drawing attention of the authors of scientific texts to their works in terms of their compliance with the norm in this aspect

SPECIAL ASPECTS OF WORKING WITH THE LEXICAL LEVEL OF LEGAL DISCOURSE TEXTS IN THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

This article considers the lexis of legal discourse. The material of the study is the results of a survey conducted among the students of the Law Faculty of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, who have the skills to compile and translate legal texts, in particular, international treaties. 58 Bachelor students of the third and fourth year of studies took part in the survey. The analysis of the survey results showed the presence of systemаtic errors and revealed some problem areas in the usage of lexical units while writing and editing texts of this type. The object of the study is legal discourse in Russian and English. The subject of the study is the lexis of international documents and its translation into Russian and English. The relevance of the analysis is supported by the institutional nature of legal discourse texts, i.e. by the necessity of observing certain rules and the mode of communication, as well as by the prescriptive function of legal discourse texts, which requires particular accuracy and absence of contextual synonymy when using lexical units. The authors of the article classified the lexis of this type of texts, which is potentially capable of correlating in the source text and the text-translation, as equivalent contextual-semantic, partially equivalent contextual-semantic and nonequivalent contextual-semantic; they also suggested its description by types and gave examples. The conclusion was that a special set of exercises is needed aimed at developing the necessary skills of differentiating lexical units into types and their translation taking into account the units type in the created or edited text. The necessary recommendation for students will also be the creation of their own individual vocabulary of partially-equivalent and nonequivalent English lexis. Based on the results of the study, the authors introduced a textbook

Biologically active substances in fruit bodies of wood decomposing fungi

The authors acknowledge the work support by RFBR, Russia (Project № 19-516-45006) and DST, India (INT/RUS/RFBR/363) and the Ural Federal University Competitiveness Enhancement Program, Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation (сontract № 02.A03.21.0006)

Biologically Active Substances in Fruit Bodies of Wood Decomposing Fungi

The relative content of biologically active substances in the extracts of wood decaying fungi was studied using GC-MS. The results showed that the real tinder (Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr.) contains up to 18% fatty acids, 51.6% steroids and 8.35% triterpene compounds. The nest fungus (Hapalopilus nidulans (Fr.) P. Karst.) contains 32.7% of fatty acids, 9.8% of steroid substances and 27.0% of tetracyclic triterpenoids. Chaga (Inonotus obliguus (Ach. ex. Pers.) Pilat) is characterized by the presence of 14% fatty acids, 11.6% of which are unsaturated; 2.4% of ergosterol, and 30% of betulin. A distinctive feature of the extract from the birch sponge (Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst.) is the presence of 67.9% arabitol, and the absence of steroid and triterpene compounds. Bordered tinder fungus (Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst.), causing brown rot of wood, contains 30.15% ergosterol, which is a provitamin form of vitamin D2. The tinder fungus extract (Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden) contains 67.8% fatty acids, of which 50.0% are unsaturated fatty acids. The extract from the humpback tinder fungus (Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr.) contains 34.9% fatty acids, 9.76% steroids, and 27.06% terpenoid compounds. © 2022 Author(s)

Relations between physical and chemical properties of melanine pigments in wood decaying fungi and their antioxidant activity

The authors acknowledge the work support by RFBR, Russia (Project № 19-516-45006) and DST, India (INT/RUS/RFBR/363) and the Ural Federal University Competitiveness Enhancement Program, Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation (сontract № 02.A03.21.0006)

Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer Using Raman Spectroscopy

The aim of the study was to develop a method of detecting cervical cancer using Raman spectroscopy in the examination of biopsy and surgical material. Significant differences in the spectral characteristics between the tissues of the intact cervix and tissues with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix have been revealed. Intensity of fluorescence in cervical cancer was higher than in intact cervical tissue.     Keywords: cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, diagnosis of cervical cancer, fluorescence in cervical cancer, Raman spectroscopy for the diagnosis of cervical cance

Isolation and Study of Biological Active Substances from Some Higher Basidial Fungi

В работе изучали биологическую активность водных и этанольных экстрактов семи видов съедобных базидиомицетов: Armillaria spp., A. borealis, Russula delica, Lactarius deliciosus, Cantharellus cibarius, Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum. Полученные экстракты изучали стандартными фармакогностическими методами. В ходе работы было установлено, что для выделения различных групп веществ подходят разные растворители. В этанол лучше экстрагируются аминокислоты, в воду – фенолы, флавоноиды и сахара.We studied the biological activity of water and ethanol extracts of basidiomycetes of the species Armillaria spp., A. borealis, Russula delica, Lactarius deliciosus, Cantharellus cibarius, Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum. Were used to study the isolated metabolites the recommended methods for determining the quantitative analysis. During the work, it was found that different solvents are suitable for different groups of substances. Amino acids are better extracted into ethanol, phenols, flavonoids and sugars into water

Антиоксидантная активность и химический состав экстрактов ксилотрофных грибов Среднего Урала, произрастающих на березе

The search for new natural sources of biologically active substances is a major issue in pharmaceutical industry. Xylotrophic basidiomycetes are common in forests worldwide, but as a prospective raw source of biologically active compounds they have not been studied as extensively as plants and other groups of fungi. The study is aimed to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts from 10 species of tinder fungi growing on birch and common in the forests in Russia. The chaga muchroom (Inonotus obliquus), traditionally used in medicine, was chosen as a standard species. Extracts from fruiting bodies were obtained with water or 95 % ethanol. They contained 4 to 8 types of free amino acids including 2 to 6 essential ones. Perennial basidiocarps were shown to be richer in phenolic compounds and poorer in amino acids than annual ones. Alkaloids and saponins were found in perennial basidiocarps of two species, saponins were also found in annual basidiocarps of one species. Water and alcohol extracts differed in composition and concentration of extractives, and showed different antioxidant (inhibition of lipid peroxidation) and antiradical (ABTS-test, inhibition of NO production) activity. This way it was shown that the nature of the solvent extraction agent is important for the manifestation of biological activity. In most tests, water extracts from chaga showed better antioxidant properties; extracts from Piptoporus betulinus and Fomitopsis pinicola were also effective as antioxidants, which may be promising avenues for future research. © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved.Acknowledgements. The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Project No. FEUZ-2021–0014

THE EFFECT OF EXCESS AUXINS ON THE GROWTH OF TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS

The effect of an excess auxin on the growth of transgenic tobacco plants was studied. Auxin is one of the most important phytohormones. рlant height, number of leaves and leaf area were measured. We found that the excess of auxin has a negative impact on the growth of tobacco plants, and the differences become more pronounced with age