About the Poisson Structure for D4 Spinning String

The model of D4 open string with non-Grassmann spinning variables is considered. The non-linear gauge, which is invariant both Poincar\'e and scale transformations of the space-time, is used for subsequent studies. It is shown that the reduction of the canonical Poisson structure from the original phase space to the surface of constraints and gauge conditions gives the degenerated Poisson brackets. Moreover it is shown that such reduction is non-unique. The conseption of the adjunct phase space is introduced. The consequences for subsequent quantization are discussed. Deduced dependence of spin $J$ from the square of mass $\mu^2$ of the string generalizes the ''Regge spectrum`` for conventional theory.Comment: 23 page

On the non-Abelian Stokes theorem for SU(2) gauge fields

We derive a version of non-Abelian Stokes theorem for SU(2) gauge fields in which neither additional integration nor surface ordering are required. The path ordering is eliminated by introducing the instantaneous color orientation of the flux. We also derive the non-Abelian Stokes theorem on the lattice and discuss various terms contributing to the trace of the Wilson loop.Comment: Latex2e, 0+14 pages, 3 figure

Optimisation of induction conditions for a bacterial strain producing proinsulin aspart

Diabetes poses a serious threat to the health of people around the world. Therefore, in 2021, the World Health Organisation launched the Global Diabetes Compact, an initiative aimed at improving the management and prevention of diabetes. The rapid growth in the number of diabetic patients has increased the need for insulin. Rapid-acting human insulin analogues, including insulin aspart, improve the efficacy of insulin therapy. Methods for insulin aspart production include its biosynthesis in the proinsulin form in Escherichia coli. However, the yield of the recombinant protein largely depends on the optimisation of the production process.The aim of the study was to optimise the induction conditions for an E. coli strain expressing recombinant proinsulin aspart through applying the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach to enhance bacterial cell productivity.Materials and methods. The study focused on a strain of E. coli producing proinsulin aspart. The authors planned the experiment using MODDE software and the reduced face-centred central composite design (CCF) enabling the assessment of factor interactions and the creation of design spaces. The authors carried out fermentations of the producing strain in a 5 L Biostat® B bioreactor and measured proinsulin aspart concentrations by capillary gel electrophoresis. The results were analysed using GraphPad Prism 6.Results. Using the DoE approach, the authors optimised the conditions for the growth of the producer strain and the biosynthesis of proinsulin aspart. Based on data from response surface plots for wet biomass concentration, specific productivity, and volumetric productivity, as well as plotted models, the authors established design spaces for the induction of proinsulin aspart expression in E. coli. The plotted models demonstrated high predictive power and high reproducibility of the results. The authors successfully validated the induction process for the synthesis of proinsulin aspart in a bioreactor under optimised conditions. The volumetric productivity of the strain producing proinsulin aspart increased from 3.06±0.16 g/L (conventional conditions) to 4.93±0.80 g/L (optimised conditions).Conclusions. The authors achieved a 60% increase in the volumetric yield of proinsulin aspart. The study results may be used to intensify the industrial production of insulin aspart

Properties of the barium strontium titanate film on the silicon substrate

The reported study was supported of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, research project No. 18-42-160005. The work is partially performed according to the Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University. A.S. Elshin thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for financial support, project No. 17-32-50047

Оптимизация условий индукции синтеза проинсулина аспарт в клетках бактериального штамма-продуцента

Diabetes poses a serious threat to the health of people around the world. Therefore, in 2021, the World Health Organisation launched the Global Diabetes Compact, an initiative aimed at improving the management and prevention of diabetes. The rapid growth in the number of diabetic patients has increased the need for insulin. Rapid-acting human insulin analogues, including insulin aspart, improve the efficacy of insulin therapy. Methods for insulin aspart production include its biosynthesis in the proinsulin form in Escherichia coli. However, the yield of the recombinant protein largely depends on the optimisation of the production process.The aim of the study was to optimise the induction conditions for an E. coli strain expressing recombinant proinsulin aspart through applying the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach to enhance bacterial cell productivity.Materials and methods. The study focused on a strain of E. coli producing proinsulin aspart. The authors planned the experiment using MODDE software and the reduced face-centred central composite design (CCF) enabling the assessment of factor interactions and the creation of design spaces. The authors carried out fermentations of the producing strain in a 5 L Biostat® B bioreactor and measured proinsulin aspart concentrations by capillary gel electrophoresis. The results were analysed using GraphPad Prism 6.Results. Using the DoE approach, the authors optimised the conditions for the growth of the producer strain and the biosynthesis of proinsulin aspart. Based on data from response surface plots for wet biomass concentration, specific productivity, and volumetric productivity, as well as plotted models, the authors established design spaces for the induction of proinsulin aspart expression in E. coli. The plotted models demonstrated high predictive power and high reproducibility of the results. The authors successfully validated the induction process for the synthesis of proinsulin aspart in a bioreactor under optimised conditions. The volumetric productivity of the strain producing proinsulin aspart increased from 3.06±0.16 g/L (conventional conditions) to 4.93±0.80 g/L (optimised conditions).Conclusions. The authors achieved a 60% increase in the volumetric yield of proinsulin aspart. The study results may be used to intensify the industrial production of insulin aspart.Сахарный диабет несет серьезную угрозу здоровью людей во всем мире, в связи с чем в 2021 г. Всемирная организация здравоохранения учредила Глобальный пакт по борьбе с диабетом — инициативу, направленную на обеспечение улучшений в области лечения и профилактики диабета. Быстрый рост числа больных диабетом увеличивает потребность в инсулине. Применение аналогов инсулина человека ультракороткого действия, в том числе инсулина аспарт, способствует повышению эффективности инсулинотерапии. Одним из способов получения инсулина аспарт является его биосинтез в виде проинсулина в клетках Escherichia coli, однако выход рекомбинантного белка в значительной степени определяется оптимизацией процесса производства.Цель работы: оптимизация условий индукции синтеза рекомбинантного проинсулина аспарт в клетках штамма-продуцента E. coli с помощью подхода математического планирования эксперимента (Design of Experiment, DoE) для повышения продуктивности.Материалы и методы: использовали штамм-продуцент проинсулина аспарт на основе клеток E. coli. Эксперимент планировали с помощью программного обеспечения MODDE с использованием дизайна, который позволяет оценить взаимодействие факторов и в дальнейшем построить проектные поля (reduced central composite design, face-centred, CCF). Культивирование штамма-продуцента проводили в биореакторе Biostat® объемом 5,0 л. Определение концентрации проинсулина аспарт осуществляли методом капиллярного гель-электрофореза. Обработку результатов выполняли с помощью программы GraphPad Prism 6.Результаты: проведена оптимизация условий роста штамма-продуцента и биосинтеза проинсулина аспарт с применением подхода DoE. На основании данных графиков поверхности отклика (для параметров — концентрация влажной биомассы, удельная продуктивность и объемная продуктивность) и построенных моделей были определены проектные поля процесса индукции проинсулина аспарт в клетках штамма-продуцента E. coli. Показано, что построенные модели характеризуются высокой прогностической способностью и высокой воспроизводимостью полученных результатов. Проведена успешная валидация процесса индукции синтеза проинсулина аспарт в оптимизированных условиях в биореакторе. Значение показателя объемной продуктивности штамма-продуцента проинсулина аспарт увеличено с 3,06±0,16 г/л (стандартные условия) до 4,93±0,80 г/л (оптимизированные условия).Выводы: достигнуто увеличение объемной продуктивности штамма-продуцента проинсулина аспарт на 60%. Полученные результаты исследования могут быть использованы для интенсификации промышленного производства инсулина аспарт

Predicting the frost heaving of bottom ash value for road design

Introduction. Most of the researchers dealing with the use of ash and slag materials (especially in the construction) have focused on the study of their mechanical characteristics or assessment of their impact on the environment. At the same time, the design of roads with embankments of soil materials in the Northern regions requires taking into account the behavior of materials in cold climates.Although ash and slag materials are a typical dispersed soil, it is prone to frost heaving (due to the peculiarities of the internal structure). In addition, these materials have not been sufficiently tested in the development of the Russian Federation standards and codes for road design. Therefore, the professional environment is developing a hypothesis about the inadmissibility of using ash and slag materials in road embankments due to excessive frost heaving of this material, which, in our opinion, is not the case.Methods of research. To obtain real values of ash and slag frost heaving, specialists of Siberian State Transport University carried out additional studies to determine the relative deformations of frost heaving of medium-grained samples and coarse-grained ash slabs. SibADI specialists compared the results obtained with earlier studies to determine the relative deformations of frost heaving of fine-grained ash slabs samples, and analyzed the entire array of data obtained.Results. As a result of joint work, an empirical model was obtained that makes it possible to predict the amount of frost heaving of ash and slag material depending on its degree of compaction, initial moisture content (when working in a closed circuit or moisture in freezing through an open system), particle size distribution and freezing temperature. This makes it possible to determine the degree of frost heaving of ash and slag systems based on the grain size composition and the calculated characteristics of the subgrade