Theoretical and experimental investigation of the destruction of graphites in a flow of dissociated air

A method is presented for calculating the heating and erosion of blunt bodies made of graphite in a high-enthalpy flow of dissociated air, assuming chemical equilibrium on the surface and taking account of the thermal effects of combustion and sublimation of graphite. The analysis involves the use of a finite difference scheme to solve an equation of unsteady heat conduction. Attention is given to the equilibrium vaporization of C, C2 and C3 molecules. The calculations agree well with experimental data for a wide range of temperatures and stagnation pressures

impact of frequency and severity of rhinitis on lung function in children and adolescents without asthma

Introducción. Se han observado alteraciones espirométricas en pacientes con rinitis, sin asma, proporcionales al grado clínico de la rinitis establecido por la guía Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA). Recientemente se ha validado una nueva clasificación de la rinitis como ARIA modificada (ARIAm), que disocia la forma moderada de la grave. Se desconoce el impacto de la rinitis sobre la función pulmonar considerando su frecuencia y gravedad por separado. Objetivos. Determinar las posibles alteraciones de la función pulmonar y su potencial reversibilidad al broncodilatador en niños y adolescentes con rinitis alérgica y no alérgica sin asma, de acuerdo a su frecuencia (intermitente y persistente) y gravedad (leve, moderada y grave) establecida según ARIAm. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal, que incluyó pacientes de ambos sexos, entre 5 y 18 años, con rinitis alérgica y no alérgica, sin asma. Se realizó espirometría por curva flujo-volumen y se analizó la existencia de anormalidades en la función pulmonar y la respuesta broncodilatadora en relación con el grado de rinitis por ARIAm ajustando un modelo logístico. Se consideró un valor de p<0,05 para establecer significación estadística. Resultados. Se incluyeron 189 pacientes. En 42 (22,2%) se observó al menos un parámetro alterado en la función pulmonar. Los pacientes con rinitis persistente exhibieron mayor afectación de la función pulmonar que los de grado intermitente (p=0,0257). El defecto funcional fue más frecuente en las formas grave y moderada que en el grado leve (p=0,0052) y fue independiente de la condición de atopia (p=0,1574 para frecuencia y p =0,5378 para gravedad). No se encontró diferencia en la reversibilidad al broncodilatador entre los grupos (p=0,1859 y p=0,0575, respectivamente). Conclusiones. La alteración de la función pulmonar se asoció con rinitis persistente. Fue más prevalente en las formas moderada y grave pero no existieron diferencias significativas entre ambas. El defecto funcional se demostró tanto en rinitis alérgica como no alérgica.Background: Subclinical spirometric abnormalities have been observed in patients with rhinitis without asthma, proportional to the clinical grade established by Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guideline. Recently has been validated a new criteria of rhinitis classification designed as ARIA modified (ARIAm), which allow to discrimination moderate to severe grades. Rhinitis impact on lung function according to frequency and severity considering separately is unknown. Objectives: To investigate possible subclinical alterations in lung function and bronchodilator reversibility in children and adolescents with allergic and non-allergic rhinitis without asthma, according to the frequency and severity criteria of rhinitis classified by ARIAm. Methods: In an observational cross sectional study we included children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years with symptoms of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis without asthma. Spirometry was performed by flow-volume curve and we analyzed the abnormalities in respiratory function and bronchodilator response in relation to clinical grade of rhinitis by ARIAm using an adjusted logistic model. A p value Results: We studied 189 patients; 42 (22.2%) had some spirometric abnormalities. Patients with persistent rhinitis had greater impairment of lung function compared to intermittently grade (p = 0.0257). The functional defect was more frequent in rhinitis severe and moderate than mild grade (p = 0.0052) and was independent of atopy status both frequency (p = 0.1574) and severity (p=0.5378). There was no difference in bronchodilator reversibility between groups (p = 0.1859 and p = 0.0575 respectively). Conclusion: Impaired lung function was associated with persistent rhinitis. It was more prevalent in moderate and severe rhinitis, but there wasn’t a significant difference between them. The functional defect was demonstrated in both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.Fil: Saranz, Ricardo J.. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola; ArgentinaFil: Lozano, Alejandro. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola; ArgentinaFil: Lozano, Natalia A.. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola; ArgentinaFil: Bovina Martijena, María del Pilar. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola; ArgentinaFil: Sasia, Laura V.. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola; ArgentinaFil: Berardi, Yanina V.. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola; ArgentinaFil: Agresta, María Fernanda. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Ianiero, Luciano. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Ponzio, Marina Flavia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Fisiología Humana y Física Biomédica. Cátedra de Fisiología Humana; Argentin

Ferromagnetism and strong magnetic anisotropy of the PbMnBO<inf>4</inf> orthoborate single crystals

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The PbMnBO4 orthoborate single crystals were first grown and their magnetic properties and ferromagnetic resonance were studied. It was found that the ferromagnetic state below the Curie temperature TC=31 K is characterized by the strong magnetic anisotropy. The significant effective anisotropy fields of PbMnBO4 determine the energy gap in the FMR spectrum, which is extraordinary large for ferromagnets (112 GHz at T=4.2 K). It was shown that the static Jahn-Teller effect characteristic of the Mn3+ ion leads to both the ferromagnetic ordering and the strong magnetic anisotropy in the crystal. In the strong external magnetic field the induced ferromagnetic ordering is retained in the crystal above the Curie temperature up to the temperatures multiply higher than TC. A weak anomaly of the dielectric permittivity was observed in PbMnBO4 at the Curie temperature at which the long-range ferromagnetic order is established

Self-Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemics: Everyday Discourse on a New Social Phenomenon among University Students

The COVID-19 pandemic was the first experience for the largest part of the world’s population of a new disease that spread rapidly across continents, a global threat to which unprecedented restrictive measures were elaborated. The purpose of the study was to analyse the everyday discourse on self-isolation among student youth based on the Theory of Social Representations. The study was conducted in two time periods corresponding to two “waves” of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (“first wave”: from 18, June to 10, July, 2020, and “second wave”: from 12, October to 18, November, 2020). The sample included 275 Russian university students (9.5 % male) aged 17 to 27 years. The main tool to reveal the social representations was free associations technique. The survey was conducted in online format via Google-forms. Comparison of the structure and content of social representations on self-isolation as a new social phenomenon at different stages of the pandemic made it possible to reveal their emergence and dynamics among student youth: (1) the opposition between voluntariness and coercion was characteristic of the everyday understanding of selfisolation at the very beginning of the pandemic, and (2) psychological experiences associated with the pandemic and the self-isolation caused by it turn out to be key further. In general, research findings show that self-isolation is understood by university students as a search for “pluses” in a situation of forced restrictions

Marker-assisted introgression of the salinity tolerance locus Saltol in temperate japonica rice

Background Rice is one of the most salt sensitive crops at seedling, early vegetative and reproductive stages. Varieties with salinity tolerance at seedling stage promote an efficient growth at early stages in salt affected soils, leading to healthy vegetative growth that protects crop yield. Saltol major QTL confers capacity to young rice plants growing under salt condition by maintaining a low Na+/ K+ molar ratio in the shoots. Results Marker-assisted backcross (MABC) procedure was adopted to transfer Saltol locus conferring salt tolerance at seedling stage from donor indica IR64-Saltol to two temperate japonica varieties, Vialone Nano and Onice. Forward and background selections were accomplished using polymorphic KASP markers and a final evaluation of genetic background recovery of the selected lines was conducted using 15,580 SNP markers obtained from Genotyping by Sequencing. Three MABC generations followed by two selfing, allowed the identification of introgression lines achieving a recovery of the recurrent parent (RP) genome up to 100% (based on KASP markers) or 98.97% (based on GBS). Lines with highest RP genome recovery (RPGR) were evaluated for agronomical-phenological traits in field under nonsalinized conditions. VN1, VN4, O1 lines were selected considering the agronomic evaluations and the RPGR% results as the most interesting for commercial exploitation. A physiological characterization was conducted by evaluating salt tolerance under hydroponic conditions. The selected lines showed lower standard evaluation system (SES) scores: 62% of VN4, and 57% of O1 plants reaching SES 3 or SES 5 respectively, while only 40% of Vialone Nano and 25% of Onice plants recorded scores from 3 to 5, respectively. VN1, VN4 and O1 showed a reduced electrolyte leakage values, and limited negative effects on relative water content and shoot/root fresh weight ratio. Conclusion The Saltol locus was successfully transferred to two elite varieties by MABC in a time frame of three years. The application of background selection until BC3F3 allowed the selection of lines with a RPGR up to 98.97%. Physiological evaluations for the selected lines indicate an improved salinity tolerance at seedling stage. The results supported the effectiveness of the Saltol locus in temperate japonica and of the MABC procedure for recovering of the RP favorable traits

МАГНИТНЫЙ СТРУКТУРНЫЙ ЭФФЕКТ В ЭПИТАКСИАЛЬНЫХ ПЛЕНКАХ ОКСИДА ЦЕРИЯ И ЦИРКОНАТА ЛАНТАНА

An increase of the critical current density in the second generation high−temperature superconducting wires (2G HTS) is the major challenge for researchers and manufacturers of 2G HTS wires all over the world. We proposed a new approach to increasing the number of percolation paths for superconducting current, i.e. increasing the number of low angle grain boundaries (&lt;5°) in the epitaxial superconducting YBCO layer by magnetic structural processing (MSP) of buffer layers. New experimental results have been presented on the application of MSP for improving the structure and increase the texture sharpness of buffer in electrical conducting element of 2G HTS wire. The influence of MCO on the structural and textural properties has been investigated in a buffer consisting of epitaxial films of cerium oxide СеО2 and lanthanum zirconate La2Zr2O7 in the СеО2/4La2Zr2O7architecture. The influence of the magnetic processing of the epitaxial La2Zr2O7 buffer film on the shape of grains has been found. A study under an atomic force microscope has shown that after magnetic processing the shape of grains improved significantly. A multilayer CeO2/4La2Zr2O7 buffer each layer of which was processed in a magnetic field, has a high degree of orientation: only one diffraction peak with (200) indexes is observed in the X-ray spectrum. X-ray settings of diffraction peak (200) indicate a well developed epitaxial structure of CeO2 and La2Zr2O7 layers. The texture of the buffer is by more than two degrees sharper than that of the Ni−5 at.% W substrate.Увеличение плотности критического тока в высокотемпературных сверхпроводящих проводах 2-го поколения (ВТСП-2) является важнейшей задачей исследователей и производителей ВТСП-2-проводов во всем мире. Предложен новый подход к увеличению перколяционных путей для сверхпроводящего тока, а именно: увеличение количества малоугловых (&lt;5°) межзеренных границ в эпитаксиальном сверхпроводящем слое YBCO в результате магнитной структурной обработки (МСО) буферных слоев. Представлены новые экспериментальные результаты по применению МСО для улучшения структуры и увеличение остроты текстуры буфера токонесущего элемента ВТСП-2-провода. Влияние МСО на структурные и текстурные свойства исследовано на буфере, состоящем из эпитаксиальных пленок оксида церия СеО2 и цирконата лантана La2Zr2O7 в архитектуре СеО2/4La2Zr2O7. Обнаружено влияние магнитной обработки буферной эпитаксиальной пленки La2Zr2O7 на огранку зерен пленки. На основе данных, полученных в ходе исследования на атомно-силовом микроскопе показано, что после магнитной обработки огранка зерен значительно улучшилась. Установлено, что многослойный буфер CeO2/4La2Zr2O7, каждый слой которого обработан в магнитном поле, отличает высокая степень ориентации — в рентгеновском спектре наблюдается один дифракционный пик с индексами (200). Результаты съемки методом рентгеновской дифрактометрии в области пика (200) свидетельствуют о хорошо сформированной эпитаксиальной структуре слоев CeO2 и La2Zr2O7. Обнаружено, что текстура буфера вдоль и поперек направления прокатки острее более чем на два градуса по сравнению с текстурой подложки Ni - 5 % (ат.) W

Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies

Data availability; The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the Center for Open Science repository, https://osf.io/djnfg/.Supplementary Information is available online at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-024-55815-x#Sec17 .When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.This research was funded by the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond) [P17-0030:1]. The contribution of J.W was supported by CAS Youth Innovation Promotion Association and fundings from the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y5CX052003 and E2CX3315CX). The contributions of M.H and S.G. for the Czech part of research was supported by a Grant 23-061770S of the Czech Science Foundation and by RVO: 68081740 of the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences. Open access funding provided by Linköping University