1,1′-[4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-diyl]diethanone

In the title compound, C18H21NO3, the 1,4-dihydro­pyridine ring exhibits a flattened boat conformation. The methoxy­phenyl ring is nearly planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0723 (1) Å] and is perpendicular to the base of the boat [dihedral angle = 88.98 (4)°]. Inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds exist in the crystal structure

1,1′-[4-(2,4-Dichloro­phen­yl)-2,6-di­methyl-1,4-di­hydro­pyridine-3,5-di­yl]diethanone

In the title compound, C17H17Cl2NO2, the central 1,4-dihydro­pyridine ring adopts a flattened-boat conformation. The ethanone substituents of the dihydro­pyridine ring at positions 3 and 5 have synperiplanar (cis) or anti­periplanar (trans) conformations with respect to the adjacent C=C bonds in the dihydro­pyridine ring. The 2,4-dichloro­phenyl ring is almost planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0045 (1) Å] and almost perpendicular [89.27 (3)°] to the mean plane of the dihydro­pyridine ring. In the crystal, an N—H⋯O hydrogen bond links mol­ecules into a zigzag chain along the ac diagonal. C—H⋯Cl contacts form centrosymmetric dimers and additional weak C—H⋯O contacts further consolidate the packing

3,3,6,6-Tetra­methyl-9-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetra­hydro-9H-xanthene-1,8(2H,7H)-dione

In the title compound, C23H26O3, the three six-membered rings of the xanthene system are non-planar, having total puckering amplitudes, Q T, of 0.443 (2), 0.202 (2) and 0.449 (2) Å. The central ring adopts a boat conformation and the outer rings adopt sofa conformations. The crystal structure is stabilized by van der Waals inter­actions

Ethyl 2-methyl-5-oxo-4-(3,4,5-trimeth­oxy­phen­yl)-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexa­hydro­quinoline-3-carboxyl­ate

In the mol­ecular structure of the title compound, C22H27NO6, the dihydro­pyridine ring adopts a flattened boat conformation while the cyclo­hexenone ring is in an envelope conformation. In the crystal, mol­ecules stack parallel to the crystallographic a axis linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

A critical examination of the application of blockchain technology for intellectual property management

This chapter critically investigates the application of blockchain technology for intellectual property management. To date, there have been relatively few critical discussions of the feasibility of utilising blockchain technology for the management of intellectual property, although much has been written, in media and industry sources, about the potential. Our aim, by contrast, is to examine possible limitations - and, subsequently, to suggest tentative solutions to the limitations we identify. Specifically, this paper aims to examine the use of blockchain technology for intellectual property management from two perspectives: operation and implementation. We conclude that, while commentators often focus on technical characteristics of blockchain technology itself, it is the incentive design – which was fundamental to the original Bitcoin proposal – that is also critical to truly decentralised, and disintermediated, intellectual property management

Referral Pattern to Neurosurgeons in a tertiary care teaching Hospital

Background: Due to lack of pre-hospital care, direct admission of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients to dedicated neurosurgical department remains difficult in many parts of world. Objective: The present pilot study was conducted to understand the referral pattern of patients to the neurosurgery department and to develop an algorithm to stratify the spectrum of cases as per the severity of condition and possibility of direct neurosurgical care. Materials and Methods: Details of referral patterns, demographic and clinical profile, management and outcome of consecutive TBI cases admitted in the Department of Neurosurgery were collected with pre-designed proforma. Results: Of total 55 cases, 40 (73%) were males; 26 (47%) between 36-55 years age; 26 (47%) referred directly to the center; 24 (44%) self-referred; 34 (62%) referred from Emergency department; mostly (32, 58%) admitted after 12PM; 22 (40%) admitted for 16-30 days. In the analysis of investigations, 37(67%) cases had CT, 15 (27%) had MRI, 4 (7%) had X-ray, 1 (2%) undergone all three investigations, while 8 (15%) didn’t have any; mostly (42, 76%) cases were referred for the management of TBI and 38 (69%) required operative interventions. Conclusion: Our findings strongly suggest that referral of TBI cases need improvement in this part of country where hindrances delay TBI cases to reach dedicated neurological intensive care leading to delay of committed care and optimization of strategy for reduction of case fatality

A systematic review of correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults aged 18–65 years: a socio-ecological approach

Background: Recent research shows that sedentary behaviour is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic consequences even among those considered sufficiently physically active. In order to successfully develop interventions to address this unhealthy behaviour, factors that influence sedentariness need to be identified and fully understood. The aim of this review is to identify individual, social, environmental, and policy-related determinants or correlates of sedentary behaviours among adults aged 18-65 years. Methods: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 2000 and September 2015. The search strategy was based on four key elements and their synonyms: (a) sedentary behaviour (b) correlates (c) types of sedentary behaviours (d) types of correlates. Articles were included if information relating to sedentary behaviour in adults (18-65 years) was reported. Studies on samples selected by disease were excluded. The full protocol is available from PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014009823). Results: 74 original studies were identified out of 4041: 71 observational, two qualitative and one experimental study. Sedentary behaviour was primarily measured as self-reported screen leisure time and total sitting time. In 15 studies, objectively measured total sedentary time was reported: accelerometry (n = 14) and heart rate (n = 1). Individual level factors such as age, physical activity levels, body mass index, socio-economic status and mood were all significantly correlated with sedentariness. A trend towards increased amounts of leisure screen time was identified in those married or cohabiting while having children resulted in less total sitting time. Several environmental correlates were identified including proximity of green space, neighbourhood walkability and safety and weather. Conclusions: Results provide further evidence relating to several already recognised individual level factors and preliminary evidence relating to social and environmental factors that should be further investigated. Most studies relied upon cross-sectional design limiting causal inference and the heterogeneity of the sedentary measures prevented direct comparison of findings. Future research necessitates longitudinal study designs, exploration of policy-related factors, further exploration of environmental factors, analysis of inter-relationships between identified factors and better classification of sedentary behaviour domains

Milk feeding, solid feeding, and obesity risk:a review of the relationships between early life feeding practices and later adiposity

Childhood obesity is a major health issue with associated ill-health consequences during childhood and into later adolescence and adulthood. Given that eating behaviors are formed during early childhood, it is important to evaluate the relationships between early life feeding practices and later child adiposity. This review describes and evaluates recent literature exploring associations between child weight and the mode of milk feeding, the age of introducing solid foods and caregivers’ solid feeding practices. There are many inconsistencies in the literature linking early life feeding to later obesity risk and discrepancies may be related to inconsistent definitions, or a lack of control for confounding variables. This review summarizes the literature in this area and identifies the need for large scale longitudinal studies to effectively explore how early life feeding experiences may interact with each other and with nutritional provision during later childhood to predict obesity risk

Parenteral Medication Prescriptions, Dispensing and Administration Habits in Mongolia

High levels of injection prescribing were reported in Mongolia. Understanding the factors influencing the injection prescribing is essential to reduce their inappropriate use. The study evaluated the views, experiences and attitudes of community members associated with the prescribing of injections in Mongolia. A structured questionnaire focusing on respondents’ characteristics, experiences and views about injections was developed and administered face-to-face to community members in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Standard descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic data and responses to the questionnaires. Dependant variables were compared using Kruskal-Wallis Tests for independence. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 21.0. Six hundred participants were approached and the response rate was 79% (n 474). Almost half of the respondents were aged between 31 and 50 (n 228, 48.1%) and 40.9% of respondents were male (n 194). Most respondents were from Ulaanbaatar city (n 407, 85.7%). All respondents had received injections in the past and 268 (56.5%) had received injection in the past year. The most common reason for having an injection in the past year was reported as treatment of a disease (n 163, 60.8%), or for administration of vitamins (n 70, 26.1%). Injections were prescribed by a doctor (n 353, 74.9%), dispensed by a pharmacist (n 283, 59.7%) and administered by a nurse (n 277, 54.9%). Only 16% of all respondents had the expectation of receiving injections when they visited a doctor (n 77). An important perception regarding injections was that they hastened the recovery process (n 269, 56.8%). When asked their opinion about therapeutic injections, 40% of all respondents agreed that injections were a better medicine (n 190) than oral medications, with older respondents strongly agreeing (p<0.001). Based on this total sample, approximately 1891 injections per 1000 patients were administered. The excessive injection use seems to be promoted by inappropriate prescribing, dispensing and administration of medication by doctors and others

Employment of gene expression profiling to identify transcriptional regulators of hepatic stellate cells

Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a central role in scar formation that leads to liver fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. Microarray and bioinformatics analyses have proven to be useful in identifying transcription factors that regulate cellular processes such as cell differentiation. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we performed transcriptional analyses of activated human HSC cultured on Matrigel-coated tissue culture dishes. Examination of microarray data following Matrigel-induced deactivation of HSC revealed a significant down-regulation of myocardin, an important transcriptional regulator in smooth and cardiac muscle development. Thus, gene expression profiling as well as functional assays of activated HSC have provided the first evidence of the involvement of myocardin in HSC activation