Historical dynamics of metaphoric systems in Russian political communication

The paper investigates the drives for stability and change in the history of Russian political metaphors. It compares Russian and international techniques applied to studying history of political metaphors. The paper depicts the Russian researchers' contribution to the theory and methods of researching political metaphorics, as well as to the theory and practice of historical metaphorology. The coauthors come to the conclusion that the arsenal of contemporary Russian political metaphors represents a complex system that emerged from centuries of evolution as a result of interplay between the drives for stability and change, for preservation of cultural distinctiveness and interaction with other cultures. The study draws a distinction between the periods of "metaphoric storms" and "metaphoric calms" in the history of Russian political metaphor

Effects of Inert Nanoparticles of High-Melting-Point Compositions on Grain Structure and Strength of Ni[3]Al Intermetallic Compounds

The paper represents experimental findings both in the area of effects of nanoparticles of inert high-melting-point TiN compounds on a Ni[3]Al intermetallic grain structure creation in the conditions of high temperature synthesis under pressure, and in the area of impact of grain structure modification on intermetallic compounds' strength factor temperature dependence. It was demonstrated that appending a stoichiometric composition of nanosized particles of high-melting-point inert chemical compounds (TiN) initiates a manyfold loss of average size of grain of Ni[3]Al intermetallic compounds, synthesized under pressure, as well as a sufficient intermetallic compounds' strength rise within a wide range of temperatures (up to 1 000 degree C). Electron-microscopic evaluations of a synthesized intermetallic structure with TiN nanoparticles, showed that, during the process of intermetallic polycrystalline structure creation from high temperature synthesis products melts, TiN nanoparticles are mainly spread throughout the boundaries and joints of grain structure, acting as stoppers of grain boundaries migration

Effects of Inert Nanoparticles of High-Melting-Point Compositions on Grain Structure and Strength of Ni[3]Al Intermetallic Compounds

The paper represents experimental findings both in the area of effects of nanoparticles of inert high-melting-point TiN compounds on a Ni[3]Al intermetallic grain structure creation in the conditions of high temperature synthesis under pressure, and in the area of impact of grain structure modification on intermetallic compounds' strength factor temperature dependence. It was demonstrated that appending a stoichiometric composition of nanosized particles of high-melting-point inert chemical compounds (TiN) initiates a manyfold loss of average size of grain of Ni[3]Al intermetallic compounds, synthesized under pressure, as well as a sufficient intermetallic compounds' strength rise within a wide range of temperatures (up to 1 000 degree C). Electron-microscopic evaluations of a synthesized intermetallic structure with TiN nanoparticles, showed that, during the process of intermetallic polycrystalline structure creation from high temperature synthesis products melts, TiN nanoparticles are mainly spread throughout the boundaries and joints of grain structure, acting as stoppers of grain boundaries migration

Individual Style of a Politician in the Light of the Comic

The article analyzes public communication of a well-known Russian public and political figure, ex-Mayor of Ekaterinburg (2013-2018) Eu. V. Roizman. We understand an individual discourse of a politi­cian as a fragment of the national political discourse, which is characterized through the prism of current trends in the development of public communication. One of the trends is the interrelation of political and entertainment discourse in the media, which manifests itself among other things in the active use by pol­iticians and journalists of all kinds of comic tools. In this paper the comic is considered as a linguistic and pragmatic category with a certain semantic content, and a system of means and mechanisms of expression; the means of the comic are expected to provide a certain impact on the recipient of the political text. They vary in the terms of originality and pragmatic functions, and when incorporating into the political discourse they manifest themselves in the individual style of politicians, public figures and journalists in very different ways.The purpos.Статья посвящена анализу публичной речевой практики мэра Екатеринбурга Е. В. Ройзмана

Scaling Analysis of Defect Induced Structure of A6061 Alloy at Dynamic Strain Localization

Plastic strain localization and fracture of dynamically loaded metallic samples, occurred during plug formation, are investigated. These processes are closely related to the instability of plastic flow and can be attributed to structural-scaling transitions in mesodefect ensembles. The multiscale nature of defect structure allows us to use the fractal concept for quantitative analysis of both the fracture surface and the inner structure of a deformed material. The scaling properties of fracture surfaces are established in terms of the roughness index (Hurst exponent) as the characteristics of strain localization and fracture

Evaluation of naked oat accessions from the VIR collection for their qualitative characteristics in Kazakhstan

Background. The grain of naked oat varieties has a unique biochemical composition (increased content of protein, starch, fat, and β-glucans) for the production of high-quality dietary food and feed. Relatively low adaptability restrains the spread of naked oat cultivars, but the demand for them has been increasing from year to year. Currently, only hulled oat cultivars are introduced into industrial cultivation in Kazakhstan, so the breeding trend aimed at the development of high-yielding naked oat cultivars may be regarded as a priority.Materials and methods. Thirty-five accessions of naked oats (Avena  sativa L.  subsp. nudisativa (Husnot.) Rod. et Sold.) were selected from the germplasm collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) for their suitability for the conditions in Kazakhstan in terms of the growing season, drought resistance and grain productivity. The study was carried out in 2015–2017 in the fields of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production (Almaty) and the Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station (Kostanay). Grain quality of naked oats was assessed by various methods according to a set of biochemical characters: the content of protein and its fractions, starch, amylose, fat and fatty acids, and β-glucans.Results. The study of naked oat accessions from VIR in the environments of the southeastern Kazakhstan showed higher average values of protein content in grain than under the conditions in the north. As a result of the study, naked oat accessions with increased and stable indicators of the content of protein, starch, amylose, fat, individual fatty acids and β-glucans were identified for the conditions of the southeastern and northern regions of Kazakhstan. All selected accessions will be used in breeding programs of the Republic of Kazakhstan to develop high-yielding and high-quality naked oat cultivars

Изучение множественного встраивания модифицированных нуклеотидов в растущую цепь ДНК

Objectives. This study investigated the substrate properties of the modified derivatives of triphosphates of purine and pyrimidine deoxynucleosides (5-propynyl-2’-deoxyuridine-5’-triphosphate, 5-propynyl2’-deoxycytidine-5’-triphosphate, 5-methyl-2’-deoxycytidine-5’-triphosphate, and N6-methyl-2’-deoxyadenosine-5’-triphosphate) during their simultaneous incorporation in enzymatic reactions (polymerase chain and primer extension reactions).Methods. The real-time polymerase chain and primer extension reactions were used to study the substrate efficiency of modified deoxynucleotide triphosphates. Various pairwise combinations of modified derivatives were used; specially designed synthetic DNA fragments and libraries for the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment technology were used as templates. Reactions were conducted using DNA polymerases: Taq, Vent (exo-), DeepVent (exo-), and KOD XL.Results. In each case, a pair of compounds (modified dUTP + dCTP, dUTP + dATP, and dCTP + dATP) was selected to study the simultaneous incorporation into the growing DNA strand. The most effective combinations of nucleotides for simultaneous insertion were dU and dC, having 5-propynyl substitution. The Vent (exo-) DNA polymerase was found as the most effective for the modified substrates.Conclusions. The selected compounds can be used for the enzymatic preparation of modified DNA, including aptamers with extended physicochemical properties. Цели. Целью данной работы является изучение субстратных свойств модифицированных производных трифосфатов дезоксинуклеозидов пуриновой и пиримидиновой природы (5-пропинил-2’-дезоксиуридин-5’-трифосфат, 5-пропинил-2’-дезоксицитидин-5’-трифосфат, 5-метил-2’-дезоксицитидин-5’-трифосфат, N6-метил-2’-дезоксиаденозин-5’-трифосфат) при их одновременном встраивании в процессе ферментативных реакций (полимеразной цепной реакции и реакции удлинения праймера).Методы. В работе для изучения субстратной эффективности модифицированных трифосфатов дезоксинуклеозидов использовали методы полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени и реакции удлинения праймера. Использовали различные попарные сочетания модифицированных производных, в качестве матриц применяли специальным образом сконструированные синтетические фрагменты ДНК и библиотеки для SELEX. Реакции проводили с применением ДНК-полимераз: Taq, Vent (exo-), DeepVent (exo-) и KOD XL.Результаты. В каждом случае из исследуемых соединений выбирали пару соединений (модифицированные dUTP + dCTP, dUTP + dATP, dCTP + dATP) для изучения одновременного встраивания в растущую цепь ДНК. Найдены наиболее эффективные сочетания нуклеотидов для одновременного встраивания, а именно: dU и dC, имеющие 5-пропинильный заместитель. Также найдена наиболее эффективная (из протестированных) ДНК-полимераза: Vent (exo-).Выводы. Выбранные соединения можно использовать для ферментативного получения модифицированных ДНК, в частности аптамеров с расширенными физико-химическими свойствами.

Specific Features of Lluminescence of Oxygen-Deficient Centres in Nanostructured Silicon Dioxide

Specific features of radiative and non-radiative relaxations of oxygen-deficient centres (ODC's) in nanostructured silicon dioxide were studied using optically stimulated electron emission and time-resolved photoluminescence. It was found that modifications of oxygen-deficient centres in the form of surface analogues can exist in nanostructured samples prepared by thermal decomposition of polysilazane in air. Photoluminescence of these centres was efficiently excited in the optical absorption bands of surface Es′-centres and silicon clusters {triple bond, long} SiSiSi {triple bond, long} and could be associated with the intercentre energy transfer during their nonradiative relaxation. Specific features of thermally induced changes in the luminescence characteristics of the defects due to transformation of the structure of silica samples from amorphous to partially crystalline modification were established from analysis of the spectral composition and the decay kinetics of the photoluminescence. © 2007.This study was supported by RFBR (Projects Nos. 04-02-96073, 05-02-16448 and 05-02-16530) and the RF Ministry of Education (Project RNP.2.1.1.2948)

Дизайн и синтез производных 4-нитроимидазола с потенциальной антитуберкулезной активностью

Objectives. To develop the procedures for synthesis of hybrid molecules with potential anti-tubercular activity containing heterocyclic cores of 4-nitroimidazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole within the framework of a double-drug strategy and predict bioactivity of target structures and drug-likeness physicochemical parameters.Methods. Target compounds were prepared by classical organic synthesis methods. The structure of the obtained compounds was characterized by melting points, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The calculation of the physicochemical parameters of the target compounds and prediction of their biological activity were carried out using publicly available software for cheminformatics and molecular modeling.Results. Acylation of propargylamine with (2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic and (4-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acids provided the corresponding amides, which were cyclized with seven different benzylamines in the presence of zinc triflate. In this way, seven new compounds were obtained at 20–30% yields. Ten arylamines were acylated with chloroacetyl chloride and the resulting chloroacetamides were converted into corresponding thio-oxahydrazides by the Willgerodt–Kindler reaction. Following acylation by (4-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid, these compounds were converted into the target hybrid imidazolyl-thiadiazoles at 29–54% yields.Conclusions. Two series of new heterocyclic compounds with a hybrid structure including a privileged 4-nitroimidazole moiety linked to the second heterocycle, imidazole, or thiadiazole, were obtained. The synthesis and characterization of compounds by physicochemical methods was aimed at searching for anti-tuberculosis activity. The bioactivity potential of target compounds was demonstrated by preliminary calculations performed using public prognostic programs.Цели. Разработка синтеза гибридных молекул c потенциальной противотуберкулезной активностью, содержащих гетероциклические системы 4-нитроимидазола и 1,3,4-тиадиазола, в рамках стратегии «double drug». Анализ соответствия их расчетных физико-химических параметров интервалам значений для лекарственно-подобных («drug-likeness») соединений.Методы. Целевые соединения были получены классическими методами органического синтеза. Структура полученных соединений была охарактеризована температурами плавления, спектроскопией ядерного магнитного резонанса 1H и 13C, масс-спектрометрией высокого разрешения. Расчет физико-химических параметров целевых соединений и прогнозирование их биологической активности проводили с использованием общедоступного программного обеспечения для хемоинформатитки и молекулярного моделирования.Результаты. Ацилированием пропаргиламина (2-метил-4-нитро-1Н-имидазол-1-ил)уксусной и (4-нитро-1Н-имидазол-1-ил)уксусной кислотами были получены пропаргиламиды, которые циклизовали с 7 различными бензиламинами в присутствии трифлата цинка. Таким способом с выходами 20–30% от теоретического была получена серия из 7 новых 2-[(4-нитро-1Н-имидазол-1-ил)метил]-1-бензил-5-метил-1Н-имидазолов. 10 ариламинов были ацилированы хлорацетилхлоридом. Полученные хлорацетамиды реакцией Вильгеродта–Киндлера превратили в соответствующие тиооксагидразиды. Эти соединения после ацилирования (4-нитро-1Н-имидазол-1-ил)уксусной кислотой были превращены циклодегидратацией в целевые гибридные имидазолил-тиадиазолы, с выходами 29–54%.Выводы. Получены две серии новых гетероциклических соединений с гибридной структурой, включающей привилегированный фрагмент 4-нитроимидазола, соединенный алкильным линкером со вторым гетероциклом – имидазолом или тиадиазолом. Соединения сконструированы с целью поиска противотуберкулезной активности, синтезированы и охарактеризованы физико-химическими методами. Предварительные расчеты, выполненные с помощью общедоступных прогностических программ, показали возможный потенциал биологической активности целевых структур

Синтез 5-оксиметил-1,2,4-триазол-3-карбоксамидов

Objectives. A key step in the synthesis of natural nucleoside analogs is the formation of a glycosidic bond between the carbohydrate fragment and the heterocyclic base. Glycosylation methods differ in terms of regio- and stereoselectivity. A promising method for the highly specific synthesis of new pharmacologically active compounds involves an enzymatic reaction catalyzed by genetically engineered nucleoside phosphorylases. This study is devoted to the synthesis of a library of analogs of nucleoside heterocyclic bases—5-oxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole- 3-carboxamides—in order to investigate the substrate specificity of genetically engineered nucleoside phosphorylases.Methods. A method of cyclization of acylamidrazones obtained from the single synthetic precursor β-N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-oxalamidrazone was used to parallel-synthesize new 5-alkoxy/ aryloxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides. Silica gel column chromatography was used to isolate and purify the synthesized compounds. A complex of physicochemical analysis methods (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry) confirmed the structure of the compounds obtained in the work.Results. 5-alkoxy/aryloxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides were obtained to study the substrate specificity of genetically engineered nucleoside phosphorylases. The possibility of obtaining new nucleoside analogs by the chemico-enzymatic method was demonstrated on the basis of preliminary assessment results.Conclusions. The physicochemical characteristics of a series of novel 5-alkoxy/aryloxymethyl- 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides were studied along with their potential to act as substrates for the transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by nucleoside phosphorylases.Цели. Ключевая стадия синтеза аналогов природных нуклеозидов – образование гликозидной связи между углеводным фрагментом и гетероциклическим основанием. Методы гликозилирования различаются по регио- и стереоселективности. Ферментативная реакция, катализируемая генно-инженерными нуклеозидфосфорилазами – перспективный метод высокоспецифичного синтеза новых фармакологически активных соединений. Данное исследование посвящено синтезу библиотеки аналогов гетероциклических оснований нуклеозидов – 5-оксиметил-1,2,4-триазол-3-карбоксамидов для изучения субстратной специфичности генно-инженерных нуклеозидфосфорилаз.Методы. Для параллельного синтеза новых 5-алкокси/арилоксиметил 1,2,4-триазол3-карбоксамидов применен метод циклизации ациламидразонов, получаемых из единого синтетического предшественника – β-N-третбутилоксикарбонил-оксаламидразона. Для выделения и очистки синтезированных соединений использована колоночная хроматография на силикагеле. Структура полученных в работе соединений подтверждена комплексом методов физико-химического анализа: спектроскопией ядерного магнитного резонанса и хромато-масс-спектрометрометрией.Результаты. Получены 5-алкокси/арилоксиметил-1,2,4-триазол-3-карбоксамиды для изучения субстратной специфичности генно-инженерных нуклеозидфосфорилаз. По результатам предварительной оценки показана возможность получения из них новых аналогов нуклеозидов химико-ферментативным методом.Выводы. Для серии новых 5-алкокси/арилоксиметил-1,2,4-триазол-3-карбоксамидов изучены физико-химические характеристики, а также их способность выступать в роли субстратов реакции трансгликозилирования, катализируемой нуклеозидфосфорилазами