Evolution and complexity: the double-edged sword

We attempt to provide a comprehensive answer to the question of whether, and when, an arrow of complexity emerges in Darwinian evolution. We note that this expression can be interpreted in different ways, including a passive, incidental growth, or a pervasive bias towards complexification. We argue at length that an arrow of complexity does indeed occur in evolution, which can be most reasonably interpreted as the result of a passive trend rather than a driven one. What, then, is the role of evolution in the creation of this trend, and under which conditions will it emerge? In the later sections of this article we point out that when certain proper conditions (which we attempt to formulate in a concise form) are met, Darwinian evolution predictably creates a sustained trend of increase in maximum complexity (that is, an arrow of complexity) that would not be possible without it; but if they are not, evolution will not only fail to produce an arrow of complexity, but may actually prevent any increase in complexity altogether. We conclude that, with regard to the growth of complexity, evolution is very much a double-edged sword

Pengaruh Implementasi Kebijakan Reformasi Birokrasi terhadap Penerimaan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara

Governance of area can walk because of existence of support various resource factorcapable to move organizational wheel of governance in order to attainment of target management of areaautonomy, including in it is Earnings Of Genuiness Area. Problem of which in questioning in thisresearch is how a far influence of Implementation Policy Of Reform Bureaucracy To Revenue OfGenuiness Area Sub-Province of Minahasa South-East".Method which used in this research isquantitative method. this Research Subyek is public servant of civil in On Duty Earnings Of Area Sub-Province of Minahasa South-East. Sampel Research taken by counted 39 people, consist of 23 people ofPNS and the rest counted 16 people officer honorer.data collecting by using kuesioner Result of dataanalysis After calculated by using correlation analysis of product assisted moment with analysis of tools ofprogram of Exel, hence obtained by correlation coefficient of Implementation Policy Of ReformBureaucracy ( X) to Earnings Of Genuiness Area ( Y) is real and positive and correlation coefficient andalso determinasi reside in at high category. Relate at pickings analyse data which have been elaborated byprevious shares, hence it is can be pulled by some final conclusion as follows.1. Implementation policy of bureaucracy reform represent one of the determinant revenue of areagenuiness.2. Result of statistical analysis indicate that between implementation policy of bureaucracy reform withrevenue of area genuiness have relation of kontributif and have positive linear pattern . Relation both ofvariable very signifikan at level test 1%, whereas degree of determinant energy equal to 87,8%. Mountingand or down it revenue of Genuiness Area Sub-Province of Minahasa South-East equal to 87,8 %determined by Reform Bureaucracy factor

Pengakuan Pendapatan dan Beban Atas Laporan Keuangan pada PT. Bank Sulut

Bank sebagai lembaga keuangan yang membantu Pemerintah mencapai kemakmuran mempunyai peran penting didalam meningkatkan pembangunan nasional. Dalam setiap Perusahaan menyusun laporan keuangan merupakan dasar penting untuk mengetahui kinerja keuangan Perusahaan yang mencakup pendapatan dan beban. Dengan demikian laporan keuangan harus disajikan secara layak posisi keuangan Perusahaan. Penelitian dilakukan pada PT. Bank Sulut yang merupakan Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana Pengakuan Pendapatan dan Beban. Metode analisis yang dilakukan adalah menggunakan metode deksriptif, Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian oleh penulis adalah data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Pada catatan atas laporan keuangan PT. Bank Sulut dalam Kebijakan akuntansi pendapatan dan beban bahwa Perusahaan mengakui pendapatan dan beban berdasarkan metode accrual basis dimana pendapatan diakui pada saat terjadinya. Pendapatan Bunga atas Pinjaman yang diberikan atau asset produktif lainnya yang diklasifikasiakan sebagai bermasalah diakui pada saat pendapatan tersebut diterima (cash basis). Jumlah Pendapatan dan beban bunga yang diakui sesuai dengan jumlah pendapatan dan beban bunga yang diakui pada pada Laporan Laba Rugi. Dapat diketahui bahwa metode pengakuan pendapatan yang digunakan Perusahaan adalah sesuai karena dapat menunjukan posisi pendapatan dan beban Perusahaan yang sebenarnya. Kata kunci: pengakuan pendapatan dan beba

Stainless-steel crowns in children : Norwegian and Finnish dentists' knowledge, practice and challenges

BackgroundStainless-steel crowns (SSCs) are recommended for restorative treatment of young teeth severely affected by caries, fractures or dental developmental disorders (DDDs). However, despite recommendations and clinical evidence, SSCs are not widely used by general dentists, who favour extraction and more conventional restorations. The present study aimed to investigate the views of and use of SSCs among Norwegian and Finnish dentists.MethodsThe present study was a cross-sectional survey among Norwegian and Finnish dentists. An electronic questionnaire was sent to Norwegian and Finnish dentists asking whether they used SSCs and on which indications. In addition, the questionnaire assessed reasons for non-use and dentists' perceptions regarding advantages and challenges in the use of SSCs, as well as the need for additional training. Distributions of background characteristics, use of and views on SSCs were calculated, and statistical significance of the associations between respondents' background and their answers were evaluated.ResultsOf the 574 Norwegian and 765 Finnish respondents, only 12.0% and 12.9% reported to use SSCs, respectively. The most frequently reported barrier reported by those who did not use SSCs was lack of practical training. The most frequent challenge reported by those using SSCs was difficulties in crown adjustment followed by aesthetic issues, and the most frequently reported advantage was that SSCs maintain the function and occlusion. The majority of respondents reported a need for more information and practical training in the use of SSCs, with hands-on course as their most frequently preferred education type.ConclusionAlthough the value of SSCs for restoring young molars is recognized by Norwegian and Finnish dentists, SSCs are rarely used by general dentists. The majority of the respondents reported lack of training and materials and was interested in receiving more information and education.Peer reviewe

Evolutionary perspectives on human infectious diseases: Challenges, advances, and promises.

International audienc

Endangered Black Marsh Turtle, Siebenrockiella crassicollis (Gray, 1831) (Reptilia, Testudines, Geoemydidae): distribution extension and first record from Belitung Island, Indonesia

Black Marsh Turtle, Siebenrockiella crassicollis (Gray, 1831), is a freshwater turtle native across Southeast Asia and is categorized as Endangered according to the IUCN Red List. We report the first record of this species from Belitung, a remote island in Indonesia, based on photographs. The new record is approximately 200 km to the east of the nearest locality in Sumatra, and 250 km to the west of the nearest locality in Borneo

Avalanche dynamics in Bak-Sneppen evolution model observed with standard distribution width of fitness

We introduce the standard distribution width of fitness to characterize the global and individual features of a ecosystem in the Bak-Sneppen evolution model. Through tracking this quantity in evolution, a different hierarchy of avalanche dynamics, $w_{0}$ avalanche is observed. The corresponding gap equation and the self-organized threshold $w_{c}$ are obtained. The critical exponents $\tau ,$ $\gamma$and $\rho$, which describe the behavior of the avalanche size distribution, the average avalanche size and the relaxation to attractor, respectively, are calculated with numerical simulation. The exact master equation and $\gamma$ equation are derived. And the scaling relations are established among the critical exponents of this new avalanche.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure

The diplomat's dilemma: Maximal power for minimal effort in social networks

Closeness is a global measure of centrality in networks, and a proxy for how influential actors are in social networks. In most network models, and many empirical networks, closeness is strongly correlated with degree. However, in social networks there is a cost of maintaining social ties. This leads to a situation (that can occur in the professional social networks of executives, lobbyists, diplomats and so on) where agents have the conflicting objectives of aiming for centrality while simultaneously keeping the degree low. We investigate this situation in an adaptive network-evolution model where agents optimize their positions in the network following individual strategies, and using only local information. The strategies are also optimized, based on the success of the agent and its neighbors. We measure and describe the time evolution of the network and the agents' strategies.Comment: Submitted to Adaptive Networks: Theory, Models and Applications, to be published from Springe

Hubungan Antarapengetahuan Dan Sikap Dengan Tindakan Hidup Sehat Pasien Tb Paru Di Poliklinik Paru Rsup Prof Dr. R. D Kandou Manado

: Pulmonary tuberculosis is disease cause of death to 3 in Indonesia. Prevalence pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia is now 555,000 cases ( 256 cases/ 100,00 inhabitants ), and 46 % of them was new cases. The act of healthy living one may stir in various factors such knowledge and attitude.Research Purposes Knowing the relation between knowledge and attitude with the act of healthy living patient pulmonary tuberculosis in the polyclinic pulmonary RSUP Prof Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado.Design this researchis descriptive analytic the plan cross sectional. The selection of Samples with purposive sampling as many as 97 respondents. Next the data obtained were analyzed with the program the computerized Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 20.0 by using the chi-square test (x2), at the level of significance 95% (α 0,05).Statistical analyses showing the result that there is a relationship between knowledge by the action of living healthy patient pulmonary tuberculosis in the polyclinic pulmonary RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado, p = 0,000 (p<0,05). Is no link between an attitude with the act of healthy living patient pulmonary tuberculosis in the polyclinic pulmonary RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado, p = 0,011 (p<0,05).Conclusions, knowledge and attitude having relation meaningful with the act of healthy life.Advise, the need for an increase in knowledge and attitudes about healthy life to to improve the quality of life of a person. For the world in nursing to research can be used as material for carrying out the promotion of health (counseling) for people who suffer pulmonary tuberculosis and not with based on duties and functions of a nurse namely as a edukator