Seed Layer Assisted Hydrothermal Deposition of Low-resistivity ZnO Thin Films

In this work, we describe the combination of hydrothermal and atomic layer deposition (ALD) for growing low-resistivity ZnO polycrystalline continuous films. The effect of the thickness of ALD seed layers on the morphology of the hydrothermal ZnO films was studied. It was shown that ZnO films hydrothermally deposited on very thin seed layer consist of separate nanorods but in the case of 20 nm seed layer ZnO films transform to uniform continuous layers comprising of closely packed vertically aligned crystallites. Photoluminescence spectra were shown to exhibit broad band behavior in the visible range, corresponding to radiative recombination processes via oxygen defects of ZnO crystalline lattice, and narrow band in the UV region, associated with band-to-band recombination processes. It was shown that the resistivity of the obtained ZnO films is decreased gradually with the increase of ZnO films thickness and determined by the presence of crystal lattice defects in the seed layer. Copyright © Materials Research Society 2017

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ТОНКИХ ПЛЕНОК ОКСИДА ЦИНКА КОМБИНИРОВАННЫМ МЕТОДОМ ГИДРОТЕРМАЛЬНОГО И ПОСЛОЙНОГО АТОМНОГО ОСАЖДЕНИЯ

Properties and deposition of continuous thin zinc oxide films by chemical on the monocrystalline silicon substrates with zinc oxide seed layer formed by atomic layer deposition are studied. Obtained hybrid zinc oxide structures consist of vertically oriented crystallites packed in uniform continuous film. Optical and electrical properties of the films are measured. It is shown, that deposited zinc oxide films demonstrate photoluminescence in the visible range of electromagnetic spectra with maximum at 600-700 nm. Luminescence band in the near UV region at 380 nm, associated with band-to-band radiative recombination, is also measured. The resistivity of the obtained zinc oxide films is about 0.7 Ohm·cm.Исследованы свойства и показана возможность получения тонких сплошных пленок оксида цинка химическим гидротермальным методом на поверхности подложек монокристаллического кремния с затравочным слоем оксида цинка, сформированным методом послойного атомного осаждения. Полученные гибридные структуры из оксида цинка состоят из вертикально ориентированных кристаллитов оксида цинка, образующих компактную сплошную пленку. Проведены измерения оптических и электрических свойств полученных пленок. Показано, что пленки оксида цинка демонстрируют фотолюминесценцию в видимом диапазоне электромагнитного спектра с максимумом на длине волны 600-700 нм, связанную с наличием структурных дефектов, и в ближнем УФ-диапазоне с максимумом около 380 нм, связанную с излучательной межзонной рекомбинацией. Удельное сопротивление полученных пленок составляет 0,7 Ом·см

Both loved and feared: third party punishers are viewed as formidable and likeable, but these reputational benefits may only be open to dominant individuals

Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tCopyright: © 2014 Gordon et al.The datasets associated with this article are available in ORE at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15639Third party punishment can be evolutionarily stable if there is heterogeneity in the cost of punishment or if punishers receive a reputational benefit from their actions. A dominant position might allow some individuals to punish at a lower cost than others and by doing so access these reputational benefits. Three vignette-based studies measured participants' judgements of a third party punisher in comparison to those exhibiting other aggressive/dominant behaviours (Study 1), when there was variation in the success of punishment (Study 2), and variation in the status of the punisher and the type of punishment used (Study 3). Third party punishers were judged to be more likeable than (but equally dominant as) those who engaged in other types of dominant behaviour (Study 1), were judged to be equally likeable and dominant whether their intervention succeeded or failed (Study 2), and participants believed that only a dominant punisher could intervene successfully (regardless of whether punishment was violent or non-violent) and that subordinate punishers would face a higher risk of retaliation (Study 3). The results suggest that dominance can dramatically reduce the cost of punishment, and that while individuals can gain a great deal of reputational benefit from engaging in third party punishment, these benefits are only open to dominant individuals. Taking the status of punishers into account may therefore help explain the evolution of third party punishment.School of Psychology, University of Exete

The Great American Crime Decline : Possible Explanations

This chapter examines the most important features of the crime decline in the United States during the 1990s-2010s but also takes a broader look at the violence declines of the last three centuries. The author argues that violent and property crime trends might have diverged in the 1990s, with property crimes increasingly happening in the online sphere and thus traditional property crime statistics not being reflective of the full picture. An important distinction is made between ‘contact crimes’ and crimes that do not require a victim and offender to be present in the same physical space. Contrary to the uncertainties engendered by property crime, the declines in violent (‘contact’) crime are rather general, and have been happening not only across all demographic and geographic categories within the United States but also throughout the developed world. An analysis of research literature on crime trends has identified twenty-four different explanations for the crime drop. Each one of them is briefly outlined and examined in terms of conceptual clarity and empirical support. Nine crime decline explanations are highlighted as the most promising ones. The majority of these promising explanations, being relative newcomers in the crime trends literature, have not been subjected to sufficient empirical scrutiny yet, and thus require further research. One potentially fruitful avenue for future studies is to examine the association of the most promising crime decline explanations with improvements in self-control

Formation OF ZINC OXIDE THIN FILMS BY COMBINED METHOD OF HYDROTHERMAL AND LAYERED ATOM DEPOSITION

Properties and deposition of continuous thin zinc oxide films by chemical on the monocrystalline silicon substrates with zinc oxide seed layer formed by atomic layer deposition are studied. Obtained hybrid zinc oxide structures consist of vertically oriented crystallites packed in uniform continuous film. Optical and electrical properties of the films are measured. It is shown, that deposited zinc oxide films demonstrate photoluminescence in the visible range of electromagnetic spectra with maximum at 600-700 nm. Luminescence band in the near UV region at 380 nm, associated with band-to-band radiative recombination, is also measured. The resistivity of the obtained zinc oxide films is about 0.7 Ohm·cm

Seed layer assisted hydrothermal deposition of low-resistivity ZnO thin films

In this work, we describe the combination of hydrothermal and atomic layer deposition (ALD) for growing low-resistivity ZnO polycrystalline continuous films. The effect of the thickness of ALD seed layers on the morphology of the hydrothermal ZnO films was studied. It was shown that ZnO films hydrothermally deposited on very thin seed layer consist of separate nanorods but in the case of 20 nm seed layer ZnO films transform to uniform continuous layers comprising of closely packed vertically aligned crystallites. Photoluminescence spectra were shown to exhibit broad band behavior in the visible range, corresponding to radiative recombination processes via oxygen defects of ZnO crystalline lattice, and narrow band in the UV region, associated with band-to-band recombination processes. It was shown that the resistivity of the obtained ZnO films is decreased gradually with the increase of ZnO films thickness and determined by the presence of crystal lattice defects in the seed layer

Formation of zinc oxide thin films by combined method of hydrothermal and layered atom deposition

Исследованы свойства и показана возможность получения тонких сплошных пленок оксида цинка химическим гидротермальным методом на поверхности подложек монокристаллического кремния с затравочным слоем оксида цинка, сформированным методом послойного атомного осаждения. Полученные гибридные структуры из оксида цинка состоят из вертикально ориентированных кристаллитов оксида цинка, образующих компактную сплошную пленку. Проведены измерения оптических и электрических свойств полученных пленок. Показано, что пленки оксида цинка демонстрируют фотолюминесценцию в видимом диапазоне электромагнитного спектра с максимумом на длине волны 600–700 нм, связанную с наличием структурных дефектов, и в ближнем УФ- диапазоне с максимумом около 380 нм, связанную с излучательной межзонной рекомбинацией. Удельное сопротивление полученных пленок составляет 0,7 Ом·см.Properties and deposition of continuous thin zinc oxide films by chemical on the monocrystalline silicon substrates with zinc oxide seed layer formed by atomic layer deposition are studied. Obtained hybrid zinc oxide structures consist of vertically oriented crystallites packed in uniform continuous film. Optical and electrical properties of the films are measured. It is shown, that deposited zinc oxide films demonstrate photoluminescence in the visible range of electromagnetic spectra with maximum at 600–700 nm. Luminescence band in the near UV region at 380 nm, associated with band-to-band radiative recombination, is also measured. The resistivity of the obtained zinc oxide films is about 0.7 Ohm·cm

Formation of zinc oxide thin films by combined method of hydrothermal and layered atom deposition

Исследованы свойства и показана возможность получения тонких сплошных пленок оксида цинка химическим гидротермальным методом на поверхности подложек монокристаллического кремния с затравочным слоем оксида цинка, сформированным методом послойного атомного осаждения. Полученные гибридные структуры из оксида цинка состоят из вертикально ориентированных кристаллитов оксида цинка, образующих компактную сплошную пленку. Проведены измерения оптических и электрических свойств полученных пленок. Показано, что пленки оксида цинка демонстрируют фотолюминесценцию в видимом диапазоне электромагнитного спектра с максимумом на длине волны 600–700 нм, связанную с наличием структурных дефектов, и в ближнем УФ- диапазоне с максимумом около 380 нм, связанную с излучательной межзонной рекомбинацией. Удельное сопротивление полученных пленок составляет 0,7 Ом·см.Properties and deposition of continuous thin zinc oxide films by chemical on the monocrystalline silicon substrates with zinc oxide seed layer formed by atomic layer deposition are studied. Obtained hybrid zinc oxide structures consist of vertically oriented crystallites packed in uniform continuous film. Optical and electrical properties of the films are measured. It is shown, that deposited zinc oxide films demonstrate photoluminescence in the visible range of electromagnetic spectra with maximum at 600–700 nm. Luminescence band in the near UV region at 380 nm, associated with band-to-band radiative recombination, is also measured. The resistivity of the obtained zinc oxide films is about 0.7 Ohm·cm