Assessing the Wastewater Pollutants Retaining for a Soil Aquifer Treatment using Batch Column Experiments

In this study, the Secondary Treated Waste-Water (STWW) to infiltrate through the soil matrix, hence eliminating the contaminants in the effluent. For this study, three types of soil, such as loamy sand, fine sand, and clayey soil, were subjected to two cycles of wetting and drying to assess the type of soil that removes the maximum contaminants under which cycle. At diverse locations, soil samples were collected and examined to determine the soil types. Likewise, STWW was collected from Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) and Perungudi Sewage Treatment Plant (PSTP) to illustrate the quality of water before Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT). About 1.5 m in height and 8 mm in diameter of fabricated acrylic material columns are used for the soil aquifer treatment efficiency studies. Water quality parameters, namely pH, TDS, and turbidity, were monitored throughout the study. All the organic compounds present in water were reduced to a higher level only in the fine sand in the one-day wetting/drying cycle. pH was reduced from 8.55 to 7.5, TDS was reduced from 1580 mg/l to 850 mg/l, and Turbidity was reduced from 7.24 to 4.04 NTU. This proposed method is to minimize the amount of water pollution from the environment. It is an effective way to manage aquifer recharge (MAR). SAT is the easiest method, aquifer and/or soil-based treatment systems improve the effluent quality of wastewater by removing the trace elements in the aquifer during the recharge of groundwater. It is likewise attractive for technologically advanced as well as emerging countries, and it is supple enough to allow adaptation to home-grown requirements by uniting it with predictable natural or bringing about water and technologies of wastewater treatment. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-07-011 Full Text: PD

Effect of Hull on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Soyflour

This study investigated the effects of hull on the physico-chemical properties of flour obtained from processed soybean seed. Dehulled and undehulled soybeans at moisture levels ranging from 8.1% to 22.1% were boiled and oven dried. Similarly dehulled and undehulled soybeans at 12% moisture content (MC) were subjected to Thermal Processing (TP) methods of Roasting (ROA), Extrusion (EXT), Boiling and Sun Drying (BSD) and Boiling and Oven Drying (BOD) and used to prepare soy flour samples. The samples were milled in an attrition mill and the flours obtained were subjected to particle size, proximate composition and organoleptic evaluations. The results showed that between moisture content of 8.1% to 22.1%; 8.2% and 19.8% for dehulled and undehulled respectively, protein increased from 27.71% to 40.02% and 20.86% to 37.46%, acceptability increased from 4.6 to 5.4; 3.0 to 4.6 and yield reduced from 8.3% to 2.5%; 4.3% to 2.0% respectively. Though protein was increasing with MC, there is no significant difference (p>0.05) in protein retention between MC difference of 10.2%-22.1%, and 10.2%-19.8% but becoming significant at MC of 9.4% and 9.2%. TP treatment test for dehulled samples, showed a protein content of 36.69%, 38.47%, 34.83% and 35.55%, flour yields of 24.60%, 7.30%, 16.70% and 26.40%, and acceptability of 6.8, 6.9, 5.0, and 6.0 while for undehulled; protein content of 33.70%, 34.34%, 32.7% and 32.77%, flour yields of 17.0%, 5.00%, 14.06% and 12.25% and acceptability of 6.4, 6.8, 4.8 and 6.0 for BOD, EXT, ROA and BSD respectively. These results have not indicated any considerable reduction in the nutritive composition of the fibrous food but differences in acceptability which were all above the threshold

Utilization of crab shell-derived chitosan in nanoparticle synthesis for curcumin delivery

1183-1188Chitosan derived from crustaceans is biodegradable as well as biocompatible and can be made into nanoparticles when chelated with chelators, such as sodium tripolyphosphate and barium chloride. In this study, crab shells-derived chitosan was chelated using sodium trimetaphosphate to form nanoparticles. Curcumin was encapsulated into nanoparticles and characterized using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The particles were found to be 18 nm in size, while the curcumin-loaded particles were 25 nm in size. The particles were observed to encapsulate 90% of the drug used. The nanoparticles produced were analyzed for in vitro controlled drug release against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans.</em

Degradation of telmisartan (TELMA-H) compounds in aqueous solution using non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet

In this study we investigate the degradation of telmisartan (Telma-H) in simulated aqueous solution using non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). Aqueous solution containing Telma-H was treated with APPJ as a function of applied potential and reaction time. The degradation of Telma-H was investigated by means of UV-Visible spectroscopy. Optical emission spectra (OES) of the plasma jet was used to identify the reactive species that contributed to degrade Telma H compounds. The variation of pH and conductivity of the plasma treated Telma H aqueous solution was also measured

Hydrogen peroxide release by OKI A1 (anti DR-Monoclonal antibody) resustabt alveolar mnacrophages in tuberculosis

Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) triggered hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release from alveolar macrophages and corresponding blood monocytes were studied as a whole, in active tuberculosis, inactive tuberculosis (treated), non-tuberculous lung disease patients and normal individuals. Irrespective of the study subjects, the alveolar macrophages produced less H2O2 than the corresponding blood monocytes. The alveolar macrophages that were resistant to OKIa1 (Anti-DR monoclonal antibody and complement treatment) produced an increased level of H2O2 than the control ascites and complement treated alveolar macrophages. Moreover, such increase in H2O2 release was not seen with peripheral blood monocytes; more than 90% monocytes were OKIa1 resistant population. These OKIa1 resistant alveolar macrophages are probably important in their metabolic, microbicidal and the immunological functions

Hydrogen peroxide producing potential of alveolar macrophages & blood monocytes in pulmonary tuberculosis

Alveolar macrophages from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, inactive tuberculosis (treated patients), non-tuberculous lung disease and from normal healthy individuals were tested for their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) upon stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in vitro. PMA induced H2O2 production was significantly higher in all the groups of patients studied when compared to the normal subjects. Among the four groups studied, the spontaneous release of H2O2 was increased in the alveolar macrophages of smokers than non-smokers. There was no difference in the spontaneous and PMA induced H2O2 production between the non-smoker group of the active tuberculosis patients and the normal non-smoker group. Further, the blood monocytes of the activepulmonary tuberculosis patients and those of normal controls were equally competent in producing H2O2, in vitro, upon stimulation with PMA. The study suggests that the increased production of hydrogen peroxide by alveolar macrophages is not specific for tuberculosis

Void Aware Position Based Opportunistic Routing for QoS in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract The unique anywhere, anytime wireless communication support offers, tremendous potential for the next generation of applications in a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The Quality of Service (QoS) has been the ever demanding task of wireless communication to satisfy the application requirements. Geographical routing employs a greedy forwarding technique to deliver the packets to the destination and to owe the communication void, it fails to render the expected level of QoS. Opportunistic routing technique effectively utilizes the advantages of broadcasting nature of the wireless medium and selects a set of forwarding candidates instead of relying on a greedy node. To improve the efficiency of QoS routing in sparse and highly dynamic network topology, this paper proposes the Void-Aware Position based Opportunistic Routing (VAPOR). The VAPOR maintains 2-hop neighbor information to take a routing decision, but it is limited to 1-hop information when the node density is high. It efficiently balances the storage overhead and communication delay due to void and it increases the network throughput even under a sparse network. To provide a certain assurance level for packet reachability, VAPOR decides the potential forwarders based on the forwarding probability that measures link stability, capacity, and connectivity factor. It adaptively favors a path that avoids frequent link failure and unreliable link usage. By limiting the propagation area of duplicate packets, VAPOR reduces wastage of network resources, and it takes the advantage of concurrent batch forwarding to avoid further duplication and unnecessary delay

A STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF DISCRETE REINFORCING INCLUSIONS ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Today availability of plastic waste is enormous and of such nearly 50% to 60% are consumed for short time utility. Once used, plastic materials are thrown outside and they remain as waste. Plastic wastes are durable and non-biodegradable. The improper disposal is not ecofriendly as they pollute the environment. Under these circumstances, an alternative use of these plastic wastes is required. So any method that can use this Waste Plastics for purpose of construction is always welcome. The Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is a composite material essentially consisting of concrete reinforced by random placement of short discontinuous and discrete fine fibers of specific geometry. Hence, this project is aimed at increasing the various properties like workability, tensile strength of concrete, by way of conducting experimental program with the addition of Waste Plastic Inclusions (WPI) in desired percentages in order to increase the compressive strength. The durability studies of WPI with various percentage of addition to the cement and for M25, M30, M35, M40 and M45 grade reinforced concretes are also planned to compare submersed curing under potable water for 7 Days, 14 Days and 28 Days &amp; exposing curing under marine environment (creating a marine exposure) for 0 Days, 7 Days, 14 Days and 28 Days

Rectovaginal fistula following sexual intercourse.

Female genital fistula is an important feature of the developing countries gynecology. Most of the rectovaginal fistulae encountered in the tropics are due to obstetrics causes and genital malignancies. In developed countries, radiation injury and Crohn’s disease are also common etiological factors. Theindex case is reported to highlight the rare situation, where a 24-year old married nullipara sustained low rectovaginal fistula following normal coitus. She was later divorced by her husband

Missing Girls in India: Infanticide, Feticide and Made-to-Order Pregnancies? Insights from Hospital-Based Sex-Ratio-at-Birth over the Last Century

BACKGROUND: There are 44 million missing women in India. Gender bias; neglect of girls, infanticides and feticides are responsible. The sex ratio at birth can be used to examine the influence of antenatal sex selection on the sex ratio. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records from 321,991 deliveries at one hospital over 11 decades were utilized. The middle year in each decade was taken as representative of the decade. Data from 33,524 deliveries were then analyzed. Data for each decade was combined with that of previous decades and compared to the data of subsequent decades to look for any change in the trend. Sex ratio in the second children against sex of the first child was studied separately. RESULTS: The mean sex ratio for the 110 years examined was 910 girls to 1000 boys (95% CI; 891 to 930). The sex ratio dropped significantly from 935 (CI: 905 to 967) before 1979, to 892 (CI: 868 to 918) after 1980 (P = 0.04). The sex ratio in the second child was significantly lower if the first child was a girl [716 (CI: 672 to 762] (P<0.001). On the other hand, there was an excess of girls born to mothers whose first child was boy [1140 girls per 1000 boys (CI: 1072 to 1212 P<0.001)]. CONCLUSIONS: The sex ratio fell significantly after 1980 when ultra sound machines for antenatal sex determination became available. The sex ratio in second children if the first was a girl was even lower. Sex selective abortions after antenatal sex determination are thus implicated. However data on second children especially the excess of girls born to mothers who have a previous boy seen in the decade before the advent of antenatal ultra sound machines, suggests that other means of sex selection are also used