Comparative Study on SOC Estimation Techniques for Optimal Battery Sizing for Hybrid Vehicles

Automotive Industry is growing at a very fast rate. Hence problems pertaining to the increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere and the ever increasing fuel rates also increase. Electric and Hybrid electric technology has become the latest milestone for the automotive industry. In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), the reliable range of operation is characterized by batteries and battery state of charge (SOC), that describes its remaining capacity, is an important factor for providing the control strategy for the battery management system (BMS) in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Accuracy in estimation of the SOC is necessary not only to protect the battery, prevent it’s over discharge, and improve the battery life but also to allow the application to make rational control strategies to save energy. However, the chemical energy of a battery which is a chemical energy storage source cannot be directly accessed and this issue makes the estimation of the SOC of a battery difficult. Hence, estimation of the SOC accurately becomes very complex and is difficult to implement, as there are parametric uncertainties and the battery models are limited. In fact, in practice several examples of models of the estimation of the SOC are found which have poor accuracy and reliability. Hence a comparative study done in this paper on the various methods will help choose the right method based on the requirements and the application. This paper also reviews a case study on modeling and simulation of one of the methods of SOC estimation and efforts have been put in obtaining the performance of Li-ion batteries by calculating the SOC using Coulomb counting method in MATLAB Simulink. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.16044

FPGA Based Acoustic Modem for Underwater Communication

The underwater communication modem is based on ultrasound a sensor which gives efficient result underwater applications. System performs Amplitude shift Key (ASK) also known as On-Off Shift Key (OOK) at the transmitter part and this signal is demodulated at receiver point with audio amplifier and diode detector. ASK modulation is the simplest type of digital modulation technique. In this carrier signal is getting modulated with baseband signal so for positive signal it gives level ‘1’ and at negative signal it gives level 0. This design uses commercial ultrasound transducer of 200 kHz bandwidth. The underwater channel is highly variable; each point can have changes in signal, which change according to environmental factors as well as the locations of the communicating nodes. So distance vs. voltage of the received signal is measured. It is observed that voltage decreases with increasing distance

Design and Implementation of Automated Irrigation Control System using WSN: An overview

Agriculture plays an important role in Indian economy. It is the biggest water user with the irrigation accounting for 70 percent of global water usage. It is assumed that without improved efficiency of water usage, the consumption of agriculture water can increase by 20 percent by 2050 at global level. In our country rainfall controls the agriculture; but the rainfall is non-uniform and irregular. This creates hassle in irrigation which badly affects the agriculture produce. This paper reviews different smart irrigation methods to achieve the efficiency in water use, higher production levels, low cost, decreased manpower requirements, higher reliability in water supply and certainly higher profits to farmers. The smart irrigation system should be cost effective so that the farmers can use it in the farm field

WSN based Automated Irrigation Control System

The main aim of this work is to provide an automated irrigation system for the farmer on the basis of wireless sensor network. The challenge is to develop such an irrigation control system that makes efficient usage of water and also must be cost effective. To calculate plant’s water requirement, it is important to measure different parameters. This system continuously monitors the parameters- temperature, humidity, and moisture of soil to which crops are susceptiveAn algorithm was developed with threshold values of soil moisture to be maintained continuously. System starts or stops irrigation based on moisture content of the soil. The tests were conducted on three crops- green chili, marigold and tomato. With the help of this system, water supply was reduced by 20- 30%, while crop yield was found to be slightly increased

Simulation of Thermo-fluid Interactions in Cryogenic Stage Turbine Startup System Using AUSM+-UP-based Higher-order Accurate Flow Solver

High-speed turbines are used in upper stage liquid engines of launch vehicles and the most common ones include LH2 and LOX turbines used in the cryogenic stages. The main constraints in the design of turbine system for a liquid engine are thermal loads, mass flow and pressure drops in various systems ahead of the turbine inlet. The temperature of the combustion products/gases reaching the turbine blades must be well below the melting point of the turbine blade material and the mass flow rate must be sufficient to generate the required power. Turbine can be started in two ways, by generating gases using a solid propellant-based spinner motor, and using compressed gases stored in gas bottles. The first method involves design challenges but requires less space and weight. On the other hand, second method is simple but requires more space. Because of the space and weight constraints associated with the upper stages, first method is preferred and discussed in this paper. It consists of a solid propellant-based spinner motor with a convergent-divergent nozzle, a guiding duct connecting nozzle exit, and the turbine inlet manifold in the form of a torroid with nozzle block having 39 guiding nozzles. The combustion products generated by the spinner motor are guided to the manifold through the guiding duct. Inlet manifold acts as a reservoir and supplies hot gases uniformly to the turbine through 39 nozzles. This study addresses the role of  computational fluid dynamics in the design of turbine startup system using unstructured cell-centered AUSM+-UP-based finite volume solver with the twoequation turbulence model. The flow and the thermal characteristics of the solid motor with a convergentdivergent nozzle were studied to evaluate the gas temperature, operating pressure, and flow velocities. The guiding duct along with the inlet manifold was analysed separately to find the drop in temperature and pressure within the system. From the simulation results, the mass flow through each guiding nozzle, and hence, energy available could be evaluated to ensure proper functioning of the turbine.Defence Science Journal, 2009, 59(3), pp.215-229, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.59.151

Mucoadhesive carbamazepine gel for in situ olfactory delivery

Purpose: To formulate mucoadhesive carbamazepine gel for delivery to the brain via the olfactory mucosa. Methods: Carbamazepine transfersomes were formulated using Lipoid S 100 and sodium cholate. The transfersomes were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, in vitro release transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, polydispersity index. The transfersomes were then incorporated into gellan gum gel, and the in situ gel formulation was evaluated for drug content, gel strength, in vitro release and mucoadhesive force. Transfersomes were also evaluated for bioanalytical study in rats. Result: TEM analysis showed good regular spheres. The negative zeta potential ensures resistance to aggregation. The gel strength of the formulations was in the range of 0.6 to 7.4 g. In vitro diffusion study of transfersomal gel showed Fickian diffusion mechanism. Formulation F6 was optimized depending for gel strength (6.4 g) , drug content (99.47 ± 0.25 %), and good mucoadhesive force (50.24 ± 0.76 dyne/cm2). Bioanalytical study of F6 showed increased drug concentration in brain. Conclusion: Mucoadhesive carbanmazepine gel can be used effectively to achieve increased concentration of drug in the brain via olfactory mucosal rout

A Rapid Flow through Membrane Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Bacillus anthracis using Surface Array Protein as a Biomarker

Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis is an important disease of biowarfare and public health importance. It is imperative to develop a simple system which can detect and differentiate B. anthracis from other closely related species. The surface array protein (Sap), which is secreted during the early growth phase of bacteria can be an important biomarker for detection of B. anthracis. In the present study, we have developed a rapid flow through membrane ELISA for detection of B. anthracis. Polyclonal antibodies were used to develop a sandwich plate ELISA, which could detect 3.9 ng/ml of recombinant Sap. B. anthracis bacteria grown in culture broth could be detected after 5 h of growth. Finally, a rapid flow through membrane ELISA was developed which can be accomplished just within 2 minutes, instead of 3-4 h as required in sandwich plate ELISA. The results established that the developed flow through membrane ELISA may be used for detection of B. anthracis. The proposed method is rapid, safe and user friendly for detection of B. anthracis culture

2-(2,6-Dimethoxy­phen­yl)-5-hydr­oxy-7-meth­oxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

In the title compound, C18H16O6, the dimethoxy­phenyl ring is rotated by 61.8 (1)° from the plane of the benzopyran system. The mol­ecule is stabilized by an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond