Prospects for the development of judicial protection of the right to higher education

У статті досліджується судовий захист права на вищу освіту. Охарактеризовані основні способи судового захисту права на вищу освіту, розкрито перспективи застосування конституційного правосуддя та звернення ЄСПЛ як способу захисту права на вищу освіту. Досліджено роль конституційної скарги як національного механізму дієвого захисту права на вищу освіту.The article investigates judicial protection of the right to higher education. The basic ways of judicial protection of the right to higher education are described, prospects of application of constitutional justice and appeals of the ECtHR as a way of protecting the right to higher education are revealed. The role of the constitutional complaint as a national mechanism for effective protection of the right to higher education is researched.В статье исследуется судебная защита права на высшее образование. Охарактеризованы основные способы судебной защиты права на высшее образование, раскрыты перспективы применения конституционного правосудия и обращения ЕСПЧ как способа защиты права на высшее образование. Исследована роль конституционной жалобы как национального механизма действенной защиты права на высшее образование

Modeling self-assembly of diblock copolymer-nanoparticle composites

A cell dynamics method for domain separation of diblock copolymers (DBCPs) interacting with nanoparticles (NPs) whose diffusion coefficients depend on chain configuration is proposed for self-assembly of DBCP/NP composites. Increasing NP concentration slows down domain separation, but matching NP diffusion lengths and lamellar size of DBCPs reduces this effect. The model also explains features of different nanocomposites, such as morphological transitions induced by NPs, the coexistence of lamellar and hexagonal patterns in a single sample and peaked NP density profiles across the parallel domains.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures include

Large scale three dimensional simulations of hybrid block copolymer/nanoparticle systems

Block copolymer melts self-assemble in the bulk into a variety of nanostructures, making them perfect candidates to template the position of nanoparticles. The morphological changes of block copolymers are studied in the presence of a considerable filling fraction of colloids. Furthermore, colloids can be found to assemble into ordered hexagonally close-packed structures in a defined number of layers when softly confined within the phase-separated block copolymer. A high concentration of interface-compatible nanoparticles leads to complex long-lived block copolymer morphologies depending on the polymeric composition. Macrophase separation between the colloids and the block copolymer can be induced if colloids are unsolvable within the matrix. This leads to the formation of ellipsoid-shaped polymer-rich domains elongated along the direction perpendicular to the interface between block copolymer domains

Influence of Difficult Meteorological Conditions on the Landing (on the example of Landing on Cape Pikshuev in April–May 1942)

Article is dedicated to landing to Pikshuiy cape in April – May 1942. The article is described the preparation for it, stated problems, forces and facilities, and also motion of debarkation, the influence of severe weather conditions on the results of landing operation especially in detail is examined. The authors note that the tragedy played at Cape Piksaev was made possible due to the lack of attention of the command of the fleet to the weather, as an important element of the theatre, and the rear of miscalculations in the preparation of units, advancing from the occupied bridgehead on the land direction, to act in complex meteorological conditions. In the preparation of the landing was a violation of the requirements of a number of guidance documents

Phase Behavior of Binary Blends of Block Copolymers Having Hydrogen Bonding

Phase behavior of binary blends consisting of high molecular weight polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) copolymer (PS-b-P2VP) and low molecular weight polystyrene-block-poly(4-hydroxystyrene) copolymer (PS-b-PHS) was investigated by using small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Both PS-b-P2VP and PS-b-PHS exhibited lamellar microdomain over the entire experimental temperatures up to 300 degrees C. When the weight fraction of PS-b-PHS in the blend was less than 0.1, the lamellar microdomains were maintained. However, with increasing amount of PS-b-PHS, the microdomains in the blends were transformed to hexagonally packed (HEX) cylindrical microdomains and body-centered cubic (BCC) spherical microdomains. On the other hand, when a relatively high molecular weight of PS-b-PHS was used, the BCC spherical microdomains were not observed even at a large weight fraction of PS-b-PHS in the blend, but HEX cylindrical microdomains were formed. The phase behaviors observed experimentally were rationalized by the results of the self-consistent mean-field theory. Based on the theoretical results, some of the PS-b-PHS dissolves into P2VP microdomains and thereby increases the effective volume of P2VP/PHS phase because of hydrogen bonding between P2VP and PHS blocks. In the case of smaller molecular weight of PS-b-PHS, the dissolved amount is significant because the favorable interactions of P2VP/PHS chains becomes dominant over the relatively small enthalpic penalty between PS/P2VP in the P2VP microdomains as well as the gain of the translational entropy of the PS-b-PHS chains. The increase in the effective volume of the PHS/P2VP phase leads to a transformation of the microdomains in the blends from lamellar to HEX cylindrical microdomains and BCC spherical microdomains. On the other hand, when a relatively higher molecular weight of PS-b-PHS was used, the effective volume of the P2VP/PHS phase was not increased greatly because of a large enthalpic loss arising from the contact between PS/P2VP as well as a small gain in the translational entropy. Consequently, only lamellar and HEX cylindrical microdomains are observed.X112622sciescopu

Highly Asymmetric Lamellar Nanopatterns via Block Copolymer Blends Capable of Hydrogen Bonding

Highly asymmetric lamellar microdomains, such as those required for many lithographic line patterns, cannot be straightforwardly achieved by conventional block copolymer self-assembly. We present a conceptually new and versatile approach to produce highly asymmetric lamellar morphologies by the use of binary blends of block copolymers whose components are capable of hydrogen bonding. We first demonstrate our strategy in bulk systems and complement the experimental results observed by transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering with theoretical calculations based on strong stretching theory to suggest the generality of the strategy. To illustrate the impact on potential lithographic applications, we demonstrate that our strategy can be transferred to thin film morphologies. For this purpose, we used solvent vapor annealing to prepare thin films with vertically oriented asymmetric lamellar patterns that preserve the bulk morphological characteristics. Due to the highly asymmetric lamellar microdomains, the line width is reduced to sub-10 nm scale, while its periodicity is precisely tuned.X114037sciescopu

Phase Behavior of Binary Blend Consisting of Asymmetric Polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) Copolymer and Asymmetric Deuterated Polystyrene-block-poly(4-hydroxystyrene) Copolymer

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