Forced Prostitution: Naming an International Offense

This paper presents an argument for recognizing forced prostitution as an international offense in its own right for which the procurers, brothel owners and managers, and financiers as well as the women\u27s customers can be held criminally liable. While the international debate has attempted to characterize forced prostitution as slavery, the term slavery fails to evoke the images of all the violations that encompass forced prostitution. Were the United Nations and regional organizations to acknowledge and label forced prostitution as an international crime, their member states would be required to enact domestic legislation outlawing and criminalizing it as well as strictly enforcing those provisions. While forced prostitution could be prosecuted in most countries under a variety of statutes, the international community has not succeeded in its attempts to decrease the prevalence of the practice because it lacks a universal rallying point that would focus attention on the dismal practice

Loss of the arabidopsis protein kinases ANPs affects root cell wall composition, and triggers the cell wall damage syndrome

The Arabidopsis NPK1-related Protein kinases ANP1, ANP2 and ANP3 belong to the MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) superfamily and were previously described to be crucial for cytokinesis, elicitor-induced immunity and development. Here we investigate the basis of their role in development by using conditional β-estradiol-inducible triple mutants to overcome lethality. In seedlings, lack of ANPs causes root cell bulging, with the transition zone being the most sensitive region. We uncover a role of ANPs in the regulation of cell wall composition and suggest that developmental defects of the triple mutants, observed at the cellular level, might be a consequence of the alterations of the pectic and cellulosic cell wall components. Lack of ANPs also induced a typical cell wall damage syndrome (CWDS) similar to that observed in plants treated with the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben (ISX). Moreover, anp double mutants and plants overexpressing single ANPs (ANP1 or ANP3) respectively showed increased and reduced accumulation of jasmonic acid and PDF1.2 transcripts upon ISX treatment, suggesting that ANPs are part of the pathway targeted by this inhibitor and play a role in cell wall integrity surveillance

An analysis of multi-meaning words from a selected list of third-grade textbooks,

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

Offenses Involving Immigration, Naturalization and Passports: Model Sentencing Guidelines 211, 212, 213, 214

This article is part of the Model Sentencing Guidelines Working Group\u27s project which is designed to develop a guidelines regime that would simplify the existing federal sentencing guidelines. Among the most frequently used guidelines in today\u27s federal sentencing system are those pertaining to immigration offenses. Some of these guidelines are difficult and cumbersome to apply as the Commission asks courts to use too many sentencing factors, often without distinguishing them in importance. The proliferation of such factors has also restricted the power of federal courts to make their own decisions as to the severity of individual offenses. For that reason, the proposed guidelines limit the number of these factors, and attempt to group them more coherently and logically. In addition, the proposed guidelines would restrain sentencing severity and attempt to create greater national uniformity with respect to immigration offenses. Because of the crushing caseload, many districts have opted for fast-track programs that have created wide disparities. The sanctions in the proposed guidelines are modeled on currently used fast-track programs as those are applicable in districts with the largest number of immigration cases. Finally, many of the proposals are based on existing empirical data

Commodifying Policing: A Recipe for Community-Police Tensions

This Article, in Part II, begins with a description of how municipalities, at least since the recession of 2008, have fallen short of fully funding their departments. Part III focuses on four distinct outside funding components and their impact on policing. The first subsection discusses asset forfeitures, under both state and federal law. Subsection two highlights revenue derived from citations, often in the form of traffic tickets. A discussion of fees that are being added to fines, often to fund courts, probation agencies, and police departments, follows. The increasing amounts and types of fees imposed have substantially increased the burden of citations. Failure to pay or to appear for court hearings about payment triggers arrest warrants. The final subsection turns to the impact federal grant programs, including equipment donations, have had on law enforcement. Similarly, the contributions of police foundations have left their imprint on enforcement strategies. Part IV is devoted to the proliferation of measurements of police performance. Those frequently emphasize numbers of arrests, drug or money seizures, or citations issued without regard to the impact on community relations. Finally, the last section illuminates how these policies have increased the stakes in interactions between community members and police, leading to greater dangers for both sides

Combating Legal Ethnocentrism: Comparative Law Sets Boundaries

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Alternative Visions for the Federal Criminal Justice and Corrections System: Is True Change Possible?

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Stopping a Vicious Cycle: Release, Restrictions, Re-Offending

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