Classical solutions in five dimensional induced matter theory and its relation to an imperfect fluid

We study five dimensional cosmological models with four dimensional hypersufaces of the Bianchi type I and V. In this way the five dimensional vacuum field equations $\rm G_{AB} = 0$, led us to four dimensional matter equations $\rm G_{\mu\nu}=T_{\mu\nu}$ and the matter is interpreted as a purely geometrical property of a fifth dimension. Also, we find that the energy-momentum tensor induced from the fifth dimension has the structure of an imperfect fluid that has dissipative terms.Comment: 16 pages, latex, no figure

Transformations due to mylonitization processes in granitic rocks

[Resumen] El objetivo de este estudio es determinar las transformaciones, tanto a nivel mineralógico como textural, experimentadas por rocas graníticas tardihercínicas afectadas por procesos de milonitización en el sector oriental de la Sierra de Gredos (Sistema Central Español). De igual modQ se intenta determinar la influencia de dichas transformaciones en la composición química de las rocas milonitizadas . El incremento progresivo de la deformación provoca una serie de transformaciones texturales en las que a partir de granitoides de grano grueso porfídicos se generan unas milonitas porfidoclásticas planolineares en el núcleo de la banda de fractura. Desde el punto de vista mineralógico se aprecia una total trituración y degradación de la biotita, que se transforma a clorita de grano muy fino dispersa en la matriz milonítica. También se observan ciertas removilizaciones de feldespato potásico y albita y reajustes metamórficos de bajo grado (en facies de esquistos verdes). Los cambios composicionales acompañantes consisten en un enriquecimiento en Si02, CaO y Na20 en la zona de máxima milonitización y un empobrecimiento en K20 y P20 S en el mismo sentido. En cuanto a los elementos traza, tan sólo Rb y Sr muestran un ligero empobrecimiento en la zona milonítica.[Abstract] The aim of this paper is the determination of the textural and mineralogical transformations introduced in late-Hercynian granitic rocks which have undergone mylonitization processes in the Eastern Sierra de Gredos (Spanish Central System). It also is intended to determine the influence of such changes on the chemical composition of the mylonitic rocks. The progressive increasing of strain causes a series of textural transformations in the originally porphyritic, coarse-grained granitoids leading to formation of porphyroclastic mylonitic rocks with development of planelinear fabrics at the core of the fracture zone. From a mineralogical point of view, transformation~ consist in entire crushing and degradation of biotite, which converts into very fine-grained chlorite disseminated within the mylonitic matrix. Likewise, K-feldspar and albite remobilizations and low grade (greenschists facies) metamorphic readjustments can be observed. The accompanying compositional changes are Si02, CaO and Na20 enrichment and K20 and P20S impoverishment towards the zone of maximum mylonitization. Concerning the trace elements, only Rb and Sr show a weak impoverishment within the mylonitic zone

The formation heritage of Jupiter Family Comet 10P/Tempel 2 as revealed by infrared spectroscopy

We present spectral and spatial information for major volatile species in Comet 10P/Tempel 2, based on high-dispersion infrared spectra acquired on UT 2010 July 26 (heliocentric distance Rh = 1.44 AU) and September 18 (Rh = 1.62 AU), following the comet's perihelion passage on UT 2010 July 04. The total production rate for water on July 26 was (1.90 +/- 0.12) x 10^28 molecules s-1, and abundances of six trace gases (relative to water) were: CH3OH (1.58% +/- 0.23), C2H6 (0.39% +/- 0.04), NH3 (0.83% +/- 0.20), and HCN (0.13% +/- 0.02). A detailed analysis of intensities for water emission lines provided a rotational temperature of 35 +/- 3 K. The mean OPR is consistent with nuclear spin populations in statistical equilibrium (OPR = 3.01 +/- 0.18), and the (1-sigma) lower bound corresponds to a spin temperature > 38 K. Our measurements were contemporaneous with a jet-like feature observed at optical wavelengths. The spatial profiles of four primary volatiles display strong enhancements in the jet direction, which favors release from a localized vent on the nucleus. The measured IR continuum is much more sharply peaked and is consistent with a dominant contribution from the nucleus itself. The peak intensities for H2O, CH3OH, and C2H6 are offset by ~200 km in the jet direction, suggesting the possible existence of a distributed source, such as the release of icy grains that subsequently sublimed in the coma. On UT September 18, no obvious emission lines were present in our spectra, nevertheless we obtained a 3-sigma upper limit Q(H2O) < 2.86 x 10^27 molecules s-1

The enzymes LSD1 and Set1A cooperate with the viral protein HBx to establish an active hepatitis B viral chromatin state

Indexación: Web of ScienceWith about 350 million people chronically infected around the world hepatitis B is a major health problem. Template for progeny HBV synthesis is the viral genome, organized as a minichromosome (cccDNA) inside the hepatocyte nucleus. How viral cccDNA gene expression is regulated by its chromatin structure; more importantly, how the modulation of this structure impacts on viral gene expression remains elusive. Here, we found that the enzyme SetDB1 contributes to setting up a repressed cccDNA chromatin state. This repressive state is activated by the histone lysine demethylase-1 (LSD1). Consistently, inhibiting or reducing LSD1 levels led to repression of viral gene expression. This correlates with the transcriptionally repressive mark H3K9 methylation and reduction on the activating marks H3 acetylation and H3K4 methylation on viral promoters. Investigating the importance of viral proteins we found that LSD1 recruitment to viral promoters was dependent on the viral transactivator protein HBx. Moreover, the histone methyltransferase Set1A and HBx are simultaneously bound to the core promoter, and Set1A expression correlates with cccDNA H3K4 methylation. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of HBV regulation mediated by the cccDNA chromatin structure, offering new therapeutic targets to develop drugs for the treatment of chronically infected HBV patients.http://www.nature.com/articles/srep2590