Teksturalne i fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike bijelih kozjih sireva u salamuri od smrznutog mlijeka i gruša. Primjena kvadratnog I - odstupanja

Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short term frozen storage of milk and curd on textural properties and physico-chemical composition of white brined goat cheese. Raw milk and curds (at various stages of pressing) were frozen and kept for seven days at -27 °C. Following the freezing, all the experimental cheeses were manufactured by the standard procedure, the same that was used for the control cheese sample which did not undergo freezing at any stage of production. The Square I - distance was used in order to rank the cheeses according to their similarity to the control cheese in terms of texture attributes and physico-chemical characteristics. The results show that, in terms of all examined variables, the cheese made from frozen milk is the most similar to the control cheese.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istpitivanje utjecaja kratkotrajnog skladištenja smrznutog mlijeka i gruša na teksturalne i fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike kozjeg bijelog sira u salamuri. Sirovo mlijeko i gruš (u različitim fazama prešanja) smrznuti su i skladišteni sedam dana na temperaturi od -27 °C. Po odmrzavanju, svi eksperimentalni sirevi proizvedeni su prema standardnoj proceduri, identičnoj kao i za kontrolni sir, koji nije bio podvrgnut smrzavanju ni u jednoj fazi proizvodnje. Kvadratno I – odstupanje primijenjeno je pri rangiranju eksperimentalnih sireva prema sličnosti s kontrolnim sirom u smislu teksture i fizikalno-kemijskih karakteristika. Rezultati pokazuju da je sir od smrznutog mlijeka najsličniji kontrolnom siru prema svim ispitivanim parametrima teksture i fizikalno-kemijskih karakteristika

White matter microstructure is altered in cognitively normal middle-aged APOE-ε4 homozygotes

Background: The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-ε4) is the strongest genetic factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. During middle age, cognitively healthy APOE-ε4 carriers already show several brain alterations that resemble those of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but to a subtler degree. These include microstructural white matter (WM) changes that have been proposed as one of the earliest structural events in the AD cascade. However, previous studies have focused mainly on comparison of APOE-ε4 carriers vs noncarriers. Therefore, the extent and magnitude of the brain alterations in healthy ε4 homozygotes, who are the individuals at highest risk, remain to be characterized in detail. Methods: We examined mean, axial, and radial water diffusivity (MD, AxD, and RD, respectively) and fractional anisotropy in the WM as measured by diffusion-weighted imaging in 532 cognitively healthy middle-aged participants from the ALFA study (ALzheimer and FAmilies) cohort, a single-site population-based study enriched for AD risk (68 APOE-ε4 homozygotes, 207 heterozygotes, and 257 noncarriers). We examined the impact of age and APOE genotype on these parameters using tract-based spatial statistics. Results: Healthy APOE-ε4 homozygotes display increased WM diffusivity in regions known to be affected by AD. The effects in AxD were much smaller than in RD, suggesting a disruption of the myelin sheath rather than pure axonal damage. Conclusions: These findings could be interpreted as the result of the reduced capacity of the ε4 isoform of the APOE protein to keep cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Because cerebral lipid metabolism is strongly related to the pathogenesis of AD, our results shed light on the possible mechanisms through which the APOE-ε4 genotype is associated with an increased risk of AD