OTOMATISASI SISTEM IRIGASI TETES BERBASIS ARDUINO NANO

Abstrak Telah dirancang sebuah sistem irigasi tetes otomatis menggunakan sel surya dengan output 9 Volt, baterai isi ulang 3,7 Volt, modul step up XL6009, sensor kelembaban tanah FC-28, Arduino Nano, LED dan solenoid valve 12 V DC ½”. Tujuan utama perancangan ini adalah menghemat penggunaan air dalam pertanian lahan kering.Selain itu juga menghemat tenaga dan waktu petani karena sistem bekerja otomatis. Sistem ini dirancang khusus untuk tanaman cabai merah dengan kelembaban tanah antara 44,8% hingga 76,5%. Sistem ini bekerja dengan menggunakan energi matahari yang diserap oleh sel surya. Energi tersebut akan disimpan dalam baterai 3,7 Volt dan diubah menjadi tegangan 9 Volt melalui modul step up XL6009 sebagai tegangan input untuk Arduino Nano. Sensor kelembaban tanah FC-28 akan mendeteksi kadar kelembaban tanah. Selanjutnya Arduino Nano akan menerima input tegangan dari sensor kelembaban tanah. Jika output sensor kelembaban tanah FC-28 lebih dari 2,8 Volt (kelembaban tanah rendah, <44,8 %), LED merah akan menyala dan solenoid valve terbuka. Jika output sensor kelembaban tanah FC-28 kurang dari 1,25 Volt (kelembaban tanah tinggi, >76,5 %), LED hijau menyala dan solenoid valve tertutup. Kata Kunci: Sensor Kelembaban Tanah FC-28, Arduino Nano, Solenoid Valve, Modul Step Up XL6009 Abstract It has been designed an automatic drip irrigation system using solar cell with an output 9 V, 3,7 V rechargeable battery, XL6009 step up module, FC-28 soil moisture sensor, Nano Arduino, LED and 12 V DC ½”solenoid valve. The main purpose of this design is to conserve the use water for dry farmings. But it also can save energy and time farmers because the system can work automatically. This system specially designed for chili plants with soil moisture range between 44,5 to 76,5%. This system works using solar energy is adsorbed by the solar cell. Energy  will be saved in 3,7 Volt rechargeable battery and changed to be 9 Volt by XL6009 step up modul as input for Nano Arduino. The FC-28 soil moisture sensor will detect level of soil moisture. Then Nano Arduino will receive input voltage from soil moisture sensor. If the output of the sensor more than 2,8 Volt (low soil moisture, <44,8 %), red LED will be on and solenoid valve open. If the output of the soil moisture sensor less than 1,25 Volt (high soil moisture, >76,5 %), green LED will be on and solenoid valve closed. Keywords: FC-28 Soil Moiture Sensor, Nano Arduino, Solenoid Valve, XL6009 Step Up Modul

BLUF Domain Function Does Not Require a Metastable Radical Intermediate State

BLUF (blue light using flavin) domain proteins are an important family of blue light-sensing proteins which control a wide variety of functions in cells. The primary light-activated step in the BLUF domain is not yet established. A number of experimental and theoretical studies points to a role for photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between a highly conserved tyrosine and the flavin chromophore to form a radical intermediate state. Here we investigate the role of PET in three different BLUF proteins, using ultrafast broadband transient infrared spectroscopy. We characterize and identify infrared active marker modes for excited and ground state species and use them to record photochemical dynamics in the proteins. We also generate mutants which unambiguously show PET and, through isotope labeling of the protein and the chromophore, are able to assign modes characteristic of both flavin and protein radical states. We find that these radical intermediates are not observed in two of the three BLUF domains studied, casting doubt on the importance of the formation of a population of radical intermediates in the BLUF photocycle. Further, unnatural amino acid mutagenesis is used to replace the conserved tyrosine with fluorotyrosines, thus modifying the driving force for the proposed electron transfer reaction; the rate changes observed are also not consistent with a PET mechanism. Thus, while intermediates of PET reactions can be observed in BLUF proteins they are not correlated with photoactivity, suggesting that radical intermediates are not central to their operation. Alternative nonradical pathways including a keto–enol tautomerization induced by electronic excitation of the flavin ring are considered

Limits on fast radio bursts from four years of the V-FASTR experiment

The V-FASTR experiment on the Very Long Baseline Array was designed to detect dispersed pulses of milliseconds duration, such as fast radio bursts (FRBs). We use all V-FASTR data through February 2015 to report V-FASTR's upper limits on the rates of FRBs, and compare these with re-derived rates from Parkes FRB detection experiments. V-FASTR's operation at lambda=20 cm allows direct comparison with the 20 cm Parkes rate, and we derive a power-law limit of \gamma<-0.4 (95% confidence limit) on the index of FRB source counts, N(>S)\propto S^\gamma. Using the previously measured FRB rate and the unprecedented amount of survey time spent searching for FRBs at a large range of wavelengths (0.3 cm > \lambda > 90 cm), we also place frequency-dependent limits on the spectral distribution of FRBs. The most constraining frequencies place two-point spectral index limits of \alpha_{20cm}^{4cm} < 5.8 and \alpha_{90cm}^{20cm} > -7.6, where fluence F \propto f^\alpha if we assume true the burst rate reported by Champion et al. (2016) of R(F~0.6 Jy ms) = 7 x 10^3 sky^{-1} day^{-1} (for bursts of ~3 ms duration). This upper limit on \alpha suggests that if FRBs are extragalactic but non-cosmological, that on average they are not experiencing excessive free-free absorption due to a medium with high optical depth (assuming temperature ~8,000 K), which excessively invert their low-frequency spectrum. This in turn implies that the dispersion of FRBs arises in either or both of the intergalactic medium or the host galaxy, rather than from the source itself.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

A machine learning classifier for fast radio burst detection at the VLBA

Time domain radio astronomy observing campaigns frequently generate large volumes of data. Our goal is to develop automated methods that can identify events of interest buried within the larger data stream. The V-FASTR fast transient system was designed to detect rare fast radio bursts within data collected by the Very Long Baseline Array. The resulting event candidates constitute a significant burden in terms of subsequent human reviewing time. We have trained and deployed a machine learning classifier that marks each candidate detection as a pulse from a known pulsar, an artifact due to radio frequency interference, or a potential new discovery. The classifier maintains high reliability by restricting its predictions to those with at least 90% confidence. We have also implemented several efficiency and usability improvements to the V-FASTR web-based candidate review system. Overall, we found that time spent reviewing decreased and the fraction of interesting candidates increased. The classifier now classifies (and therefore filters) 80%–90% of the candidates, with an accuracy greater than 98%, leaving only the 10%–20% most promising candidates to be reviewed by humans

The perception of spontaneous and volitional laughter across 21 societies

Data available at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/ dataverse/laughterperception</p

BioSimulators: a central registry of simulation engines and services for recommending specific tools

Computational models have great potential to accelerate bioscience, bioengineering, and medicine. However, it remains challenging to reproduce and reuse simulations, in part, because the numerous formats and methods for simulating various subsystems and scales remain siloed by different software tools. For example, each tool must be executed through a distinct interface. To help investigators find and use simulation tools, we developed BioSimulators (https://biosimulators.org), a central registry of the capabilities of simulation tools and consistent Python, command-line and containerized interfaces to each version of each tool. The foundation of BioSimulators is standards, such as CellML, SBML, SED-ML and the COMBINE archive format, and validation tools for simulation projects and simulation tools that ensure these standards are used consistently. To help modelers find tools for particular projects, we have also used the registry to develop recommendation services. We anticipate that BioSimulators will help modelers exchange, reproduce, and combine simulations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are major lung diseases affecting millions worldwide. Both diseases have links to cigarette smoking and exert a considerable societal burden. People suffering from COPD are at higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, and are more susceptible to poor outcomes after diagnosis and treatment. Lung cancer and COPD are closely associated, possibly sharing common traits such as an underlying genetic predisposition, epithelial and endothelial cell plasticity, dysfunctional inflammatory mechanisms including the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, susceptibility to DNA damage and cellular mutagenesis. In fact, COPD could be the driving factor for lung cancer, providing a conducive environment that propagates its evolution. In the early stages of smoking, body defences provide a combative immune/oxidative response and DNA repair mechanisms are likely to subdue these changes to a certain extent; however, in patients with COPD with lung cancer the consequences could be devastating, potentially contributing to slower postoperative recovery after lung resection and increased resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Vital to the development of new-targeted therapies is an in-depth understanding of various molecular mechanisms that are associated with both pathologies. In this comprehensive review, we provide a detailed overview of possible underlying factors that link COPD and lung cancer, and current therapeutic advances from both human and preclinical animal models that can effectively mitigate this unholy relationship

A systematic review of the reporting of Data Monitoring Committees' roles, interim analysis and early termination in pediatric clinical trials

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Decisions about interim analysis and early stopping of clinical trials, as based on recommendations of Data Monitoring Committees (DMCs), have far reaching consequences for the scientific validity and clinical impact of a trial. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency and quality of the reporting on DMC composition and roles, interim analysis and early termination in pediatric trials.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials published from 2005 to 2007 in a sample of four general and four pediatric journals. We used full-text databases to identify trials which reported on DMCs, interim analysis or early termination, and included children or adolescents. Information was extracted on general trial characteristics, risk of bias, and a set of parameters regarding DMC composition and roles, interim analysis and early termination.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>110 of the 648 pediatric trials in this sample (17%) reported on DMC or interim analysis or early stopping, and were included; 68 from general and 42 from pediatric journals. The presence of DMCs was reported in 89 of the 110 included trials (81%); 62 papers, including 46 of the 89 that reported on DMCs (52%), also presented information about interim analysis. No paper adequately reported all DMC parameters, and nine (15%) reported all interim analysis details. Of 32 trials which terminated early, 22 (69%) did not report predefined stopping guidelines and 15 (47%) did not provide information on statistical monitoring methods.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Reporting on DMC composition and roles, on interim analysis results and on early termination of pediatric trials is incomplete and heterogeneous. We propose a minimal set of reporting parameters that will allow the reader to assess the validity of trial results.</p