206 research outputs found
A ballistic laser gravimeter for a symmetrical measurement method with the inductive-dynamic catapult and auto-seismic vibration preventing
A ballistic laser gravimeter (BLG) with a symmetrical measurement method of the gravity acceleration (GA) is considered. Special treatment is given to the problem of eliminating the measurement error due throw of the catapult when it speeds up the test body (TB). It is possible to decrease the indicated errors thanks to the use of the induction and dynamic catapult. However, a short-term boost catapult generates vibrations of the basement (i.e. a pillar) and the mechanical elements of the gravimeter, what causes auto-seismic (i.e. recoil-related) component of the measurement error. To reduce them it is proposed to launch the TB with the help of a massive platform, installed on a light spring. It is shown, that the considered BLG can provide auto-seismic component of the measurement error of less than 1 ΞΌGal. With the reduction of the light spring constant the auto-seismic component of GA measurement uncertainty is reduced. The value of this measurement error can be reduced by the use of damping in the system of BG protection from auto-seismic fluctuations. A concept of BLG with induction-dynamic catapult for symmetric method of gravitational acceleration measuring is presented. The concept is based on using electromagnetic compensator of stiffness
ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ¬ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ£ Π‘Π’ΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ Π’Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ¬
The article examines the place of the customs policy in the state financial policy. It has been established that the stateβs customs policy is interrelated with the tax and budget policy of the state, because at the expense of customs payments (which are tax payments), implementation of the revenue part of the budget of the country is ensured. Due to revenues to the budget, redistribution of funds to various directions of social and economic development of the state is ensured. It has been proved that tax and customs policies have different goals. The tax policy is aimed at replenishing the state budget, and customs policy β not only contributes to the replenishment of the budget, but also regulates the processes of export and import, protects national commodity producers. The existence of a legal conflict with the controlling bodies responsible for budget, tax and customs policy has been established. The norms of the law do not provide for a clear distribution of powers between the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine and the bodies of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine. The list of existing customs principles has been improved by adding the principles of the obligation to pay customs payments; preferences; restrictions or prohibitions on import of goods into the customs territory of Ukraine; fiscal sufficiency; stability; implementation. The place of Ukraine in the ranking of logistics efficiency is analyzed. It is established that Ukraine lost 19 positions in terms of the value of the index of logistics efficiency over the past two years. On the basis of the analysis of the logistics efficiency index, it was established that the lowest indicators of Ukraine are related to the customs clearance of goods (130 place in the rating), simplicity and prices of the organization of deliveries (95th place in the rating); Competence and quality of service provision (95th place in the rating). Based on the analysis of the norms of the Customs Code of Ukraine, tools for stimulating and limiting the use of customs privileges are summarized. Stimulation is manifested in preferential terms of taxation (exemption from taxation, lower rates of duty, tariff quotas). Limitations are limited-term privileges; a list of goods that can be imported into the territory of Ukraine in a certain amount without payment of the duty; the need to confirm the use of goods that were imported on preferential terms).ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ) ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° β Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π° Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ. Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ; ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ; ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ; ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ; ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ; ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π° 19 ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΡΡΠ·Π° (130 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅), ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΊ (95 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅); ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ (95 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅).ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ Π’Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡ. Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΡ). ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ; ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ; Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
.ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²βΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ² (ΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ) Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ» ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠ·Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ, Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° β Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ, Π° ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ, Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ². Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΊΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΠΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡΠ² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ. Π£Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²βΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ²; ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ; ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π±ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π·Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ; ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ; ΡΡΠ°Π±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ; ΡΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»Π° 19 ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΆΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²βΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Π· ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΡ (130-ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ), ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΊ (95 ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ); ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ³ (95-ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ). ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ³. Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ (Π·Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ; Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ). ΠΠ±ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π· Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΡ; ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°; Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π·Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
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One-pot three-component synthesis of 3-cyano-4-methyl-2,6-dioxopyridine amino enones
(Z)-5-(Arylaminomethylidene)-4-methyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitriles were obtained by three-component condensation of 4-methyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile with aromatic amines and trimethyl orthoformate in DMF. According to X-ray data, in the solid phase they exist as amino enone tautomer
Non-homologous isofunctional enzymes: A systematic analysis of alternative solutions in enzyme evolution
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Evolutionarily unrelated proteins that catalyze the same biochemical reactions are often referred to as analogous - as opposed to homologous - enzymes. The existence of numerous alternative, non-homologous enzyme isoforms presents an interesting evolutionary problem; it also complicates genome-based reconstruction of the metabolic pathways in a variety of organisms. In 1998, a systematic search for analogous enzymes resulted in the identification of 105 Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers that included two or more proteins without detectable sequence similarity to each other, including 34 EC nodes where proteins were known (or predicted) to have distinct structural folds, indicating independent evolutionary origins. In the past 12 years, many putative non-homologous isofunctional enzymes were identified in newly sequenced genomes. In addition, efforts in structural genomics resulted in a vastly improved structural coverage of proteomes, providing for definitive assessment of (non)homologous relationships between proteins.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report the results of a comprehensive search for non-homologous isofunctional enzymes (NISE) that yielded 185 EC nodes with two or more experimentally characterized - or predicted - structurally unrelated proteins. Of these NISE sets, only 74 were from the original 1998 list. Structural assignments of the NISE show over-representation of proteins with the TIM barrel fold and the nucleotide-binding Rossmann fold. From the functional perspective, the set of NISE is enriched in hydrolases, particularly carbohydrate hydrolases, and in enzymes involved in defense against oxidative stress.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results indicate that at least some of the non-homologous isofunctional enzymes were recruited relatively recently from enzyme families that are active against related substrates and are sufficiently flexible to accommodate changes in substrate specificity.</p> <p>Reviewers</p> <p>This article was reviewed by Andrei Osterman, Keith F. Tipton (nominated by Martijn Huynen) and Igor B. Zhulin. For the full reviews, go to the Reviewers' comments section.</p
THE PRACTICE OF EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE INNOVATIVE PROJECT
At the present stage of development of the society of scientific and technical activities is the most important factor in the intensification of production and the growth of its economic performance. It is therefore important now gets to determine the effectiveness of research and development activities, improving the measurement methods of economic evaluation of innovative projects and innovation. For informed decision-making requires a deep study and objective assessment of the real situation. This is due to changes in economic relations between the producers and consumers of scientific and technical products. Earlier in this activity involved only state scientific institution and the enterprise, then now they are gradually joining financial institutions, commercial and non-profit organizations. The adoption of innovative solutions should be preceded by thorough and comprehensive analysis of the economic feasibility of the innovative project. In this paper we propose to consider how business is costing innovative projects and determine their effectiveness for the enterprise business hotel
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