CONTEXTUAL APPROACH TO LITERARY CRITICISM: DOSTOEVSKY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the possibilities of application of the contextual approach, developed in pedagogy and psychology, in the process of literary analysis. Initially contextual approach was developed by A. A. Verbitsky as a methodology of education. A key category of this approach was the context, interpreted A. A. Verbitsky as a psychological phenomenon. Accordingly, in this paper on the basis of later research context is understood as a psychological mechanism of semantic, objectified in external forms of test patches, social and communicative situations, etc. Now contextual approach became general psychological methodology, which led to the possibility of its application in various fields of the humanities in particular – in psycholinguistic literary studies, where the notion of «context » is used in-depth psychological interpretation. Methods. The contextual approach developed by A. A. Verbitsky as the main component of methodology of education became the main instrument of the research stated in the publication. Besides a field of the general education, this approach is applicable to various private spheres – to educational aspect of education, and also to methodology of teaching various subject matters – mathematicians, biology, foreign languages, etc. The contextual approach at the level of allpsychological methodology has allowed to apply it in various fields of humanitarian knowledge, in particular in literary researches with a strongly pronounced psychological perspective. The contextual analysis corresponding to approach has been chosen as a method of work.Results. Based on A. A. Verbitsky’s interpretation and results of the latest researches the author shows that the context is a semantic mechanism, objectified in external forms of test fragments, social and communicative situations, etc. The following types of contexts are allocated: microcontext of a personality and works of an author, a mesocontext of socio-cultural influences, and also macrocontext of perception and interpretation of works in culture and science. The critical view of psychoanalysis as the literary criticism tool in the Russian culture is presented. Through the systematization of complementary contexts and psychoanalytic interpretation the myth about F. M. Dostoyevsky’s epilepsy as a source of his creativity is discredited; though by recognition of the writer, personal problems and neuroses nevertheless were reflected in his works. The hypothesis of the opposite influence of creativity of F. M. Dostoyevsky on S. Freud’s concept, i.e. formation of psychoanalysis under impact of art creativity is made.Scientific novelty. Methods of engaging of an intertextual and socio-cultural environment are known in linguistics and literary criticism long ago. However, diverse environments of existence of the personality and works of the artist as the unified system of contexts psychological in essence have not been considered yet. The novelty of the proposed way of a research consists in systematicity of formation of a complex of contexts of the studied phenomenon that makes it possible to correlate the diversified information through its origin. As a result, the researcher receives a number of complementary descriptions in the spirit of «the principle of a complementarity» by N. Bohr that provides dimensions and completeness of perception of the studied phenomenon.Practical significance of the work lies in the hard proof of the prospects of the contextual approach to interdisciplinary psychological and literary research.Цель статьи – продемонстрировать возможности широко известного в педагогике и психологии контекстного подхода к литературоведческому исследованию. Методы и методология. Контекстный подход, разработанный А. А. Вербицким как основная составляющая методологии образования, стал главным инструментом изложенного в публикации изыскания. Помимо области общего образования, данный подход приложим к различным его частным сферам – воспитательным аспектом, методологии преподавания различных учебных дисциплин – математики, биологии, иностранного языка и др. Использование данного подхода в качестве составляющей общепсихологической методологии позволило применять его и в различных областях гуманитарного знания, в частности в литературоведческих исследованиях с ярко выраженной психологической проблематикой. Методом работы был избран соответствующий подходу контекстный анализ. Результаты. С опорой на трактовку А. А. Вербицкого и результаты позднейших исследований автор показывает, что контекст – это семантический механизм, объективируемый во внешних формах тестовых фрагментов, социально-коммуникативных ситуаций и т. п. Выделены такие виды контекстов, как микроконтект личности и произведений автора, мезоконтекст социокультурных влияний, а также макроконтекст восприятия и интерпретации произведений в культуре и науке. Представлен критический взгляд на психоанализ как инструмент литературоведения в отечественной культуре. Благодаря систематизации взаимодополняющих контекстов и психоаналитической интерпретации развенчан миф об эпилепсии Ф. М. Достоевского как истоке его творчества, хотя, по признанию самого писателя, личностные проблемы и неврозы все же отразились на его произведениях. Выдвинута гипотеза об обратном влиянии творчества Ф. М. Достоевского на концепцию З. Фрейда, т. е. о формировании психоанализа под воздействием художественного творчества. Научная новизна. Методы привлечения интертекстуального и социокультурного окружения давно известны в языкознании и литературоведении. Однако разнородные среды существования личности и творчества художника в качестве унифицированной системы психологических по своей сути контекстов не рассматривались. Новизна предлагаемого способа исследования заключается прежде всего в систематичности формирования комплекса контекстов изучаемого явления, что позволяет соотносить между собой самую разнородную по происхождению информацию. В результате исследователь получает ряд взаимодополняющих описаний в духе «принципа дополнительности» Н. Бора, что обеспечивает объемность и полноту восприятия изучаемого явления.Практическая значимость работы заключается в убедительном доказательстве перспективности контекстного подхода к междисциплинарному психолого-литературоведческому исследованию

Investigation of the Kerr-lens Mode Locking Ability of Cr:ZnSe Solid-State Laser

The theoretical calculation for nonlinear refractive index in Cr: ZnSe - active medium predicts the strong defocusing cascaded second-order nonlinearity within 2000 - 3000 nm spectral range. On the basis of this result the optimal cavity configuration for Kerr-lens mode locking is proposed that allows to achieve a sub-100 fs pulse duration. The numerical simulations testify about strong destabilizing processes in the laser resulting from a strong self-phase modulation. The stabilization of the ultrashort pulse generation is possible due to spectral filtering that increases the pulse duration up to 300 fs.Comment: 14 pages, 8 Postscript figures, LaTeX, commented Maple program is presented on http://www.geocities.com/optomaple

Soliton absorption spectroscopy

We analyze optical soliton propagation in the presence of weak absorption lines with much narrower linewidths as compared to the soliton spectrum width using the novel perturbation analysis technique based on an integral representation in the spectral domain. The stable soliton acquires spectral modulation that follows the associated index of refraction of the absorber. The model can be applied to ordinary soliton propagation and to an absorber inside a passively modelocked laser. In the latter case, a comparison with water vapor absorption in a femtosecond Cr:ZnSe laser yields a very good agreement with experiment. Compared to the conventional absorption measurement in a cell of the same length, the signal is increased by an order of magnitude. The obtained analytical expressions allow further improving of the sensitivity and spectroscopic accuracy making the soliton absorption spectroscopy a promising novel measurement technique.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures

Soliton Generation and Picosecond Collapse in Solid-State Lasers with Semiconductor Saturable Absorber

Based on self - consistent field theory we study a soliton generation in cw solid-state lasers with semiconductor saturable absorber. Various soliton destabilizations, i.e. the switch from femtosecond to picosecond generation (''picosecond collapse''), an automodulation regime, breakdown of soliton generation and hysteresis behavior, are predicted.Comment: 14 pages, 6 Postscript figures, Te

Consistent Conjectural Variations Equilibrium In A Bilevel Human Migration Model

In this paper, we develop a bi-level human migration model using the concept of conjectural variations equilibrium (CVE). In contrast to previous works, here we construct a bi-level programming model. The upper level agents are municipalities of competing locations, whose strategies are investments into infrastructures of the locations (cities, towns, etc.). These investments aim at making the locations more attractive for both the residents and potential migrants from other locations. At the lower level of the model, the present residents (grouped into professional communities) are also considered as potential migrants to other locations. They make their decision where to migrate (if at all) comparing the expected values of the utility functions of the destinations and original locations, which are estimated by taking into account their group's conjectures concerning equilibrium migration flows between the involved locations. Applying a special technique to verify the consistency of the conjectures (influence coefficients), the existence and uniqueness results for the consistent conjectural variations equilibrium (CCVE) are established

Extended symmetrical classical electrodynamics

In the present article, we discuss a modification of classical electrodynamics in which ``ordinary'' point charges are absent. The modified equations contain additional terms describing the induced charges and currents. The densities of the induced charges and currents depend on the vector k and the vectors of the electromagnetic field E and B. It is shown that the vectors E and B can be defined in terms of two 4-potentials and the components of k are the components of the 4-tensor of the third rank. The Lagrangian of modified electrodynamics is defined. The conditions are derived at which only one 4-potential determines the behavior of the electromagnetic field. It is also shown that static modified electrodynamics can describe the electromagnetic field in the inner region of the electric monopole. In the outer region of the electric monopole the electric field is governed by the Maxwell equations. It follows from boundary conditions at the interface between the inner and outer regions of the monopole that the vector k has a discrete spectrum. The electric and magnetic fields, energy and angular momentum of the monopole are found for different eigenvalues of k

Slow deterministic vector rogue waves

For an erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked by carbon nanotubes, we demonstrate experimentally and theoretically a new type of the vector rogue waves emerging as a result of the chaotic evolution of the trajectories between two orthogonal states of polarization on the Poincare sphere. In terms of fluctuation induced phenomena, by tuning polarization controller for the pump wave and in-cavity polarization controller, we are able to control the Kramers time, i.e. the residence time of the trajectory in vicinity of each orthogonal state of polarization, and so can cause the rare events satisfying rogue wave criteria and having the form of transitions from the state with the long residence time to the state with a short residence time

Determination of the UV cut-off from the observed value of the Universe acceleration

It is shown that using of the equation of motion of the Universe scale factor allows calculation of the contribution of the vacuum fluctuations to the acceleration of the Universe expansion. Renormalization of the equation is needed only in the case of massive particles. Under a known number of the different kinds of fundamental fields, this provides determination of momentum of the ultraviolet cut-off from the observed value of acceleration.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur

Automodulations in Kerr-lens Modelocked Solid-State Lasers

Nonstationary pulse regimes associated with self modulation of a Kerr-lens modelocked Ti:sapphire laser have been studied experimentally and theoretically. Such laser regimes occur at an intracavity group delay dispersion that is smaller or larger than what is required for stable modelocking and exhibit modulation in pulse amplitude and spectra at frequencies of several hundred kHz. Stabilization of such modulations, leading to an increase in the pulse peak power by a factor of ten, were accomplished by weakly modulating the pump laser with the self-modulation frequency. The main experimental observations can be explained with a round trip model of the fs laser taking into account gain saturation, Kerr lensing, and second- and third-order dispersion.Comment: 21 pages, 9 Postscript figures, TeX, the calculations are presented on http://www.geocities.com/optomaple