Medios de comunicación y derecho a la información en Jalisco 2013

En el primer apartado, dedicado al sistema de medios en general, se presentan tres artículos: “Nuevos medios de comunicación en Jalisco”, “c7 ¿medio público o vocero del gobierno?” y “Réquiem por un ombudsman”. El segundo apartado está dedicado al tema de la libertad de expresión; se presentan aquí dos textos: “La vulnerabilidad en un ambiente de cambio. Los ataques a los medios de comunicación en Jalisco durante el año” y “Violaciones a la libertad de expresión de periodistas y trabajadores de medios en Jalisco, 1995-2013”. En el apartado “Derecho a la información, comunicación y política” se ofrecen cuatro textos de índole muy diversa: “La estrategia de comunicación del Gobierno del Estado”, “Diálogos públicos: la discusión de una nueva ley de transparencia para Jalisco”, “Cuando un niño desaparece, el peor enemigo es el tiempo…”, sobre la alerta Amber, y “2013: un año marcado por despidos en diversos periódicos de Guadalajara”. En la sección “Los que se fueron” se presenta la semblanza de Felipe Vicencio. Y en el apartado de “La investigación del observatorio de medios” se comparten los resultados de un trabajo sobre los columnistas de opinión jaliscienses que escriben en la prensa local.ITESO, A.C

Putovanje kroz interakcije proteinskih kinaza aktiviranih mitogenima i okratoksina A

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin with potential nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic action. It has been proposed that OTA might be involved in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy, which is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract tumours, and of other forms of interstitial nephritis. Cell susceptibility to OTA mainly depends on mycotoxin concentrations, duration of exposure, and intracellular molecular and genetic context. OTA can affect a cell by stimulating or inhibiting certain signalling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Three major mammalian MAPKs have been described: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. All MAPKs regulate diverse cellular programmes, but in most cases ERKs have been linked to cell survival, while JNKs, and p38 MAPKs have been implicated in cell death by apoptosis. This review looks into OTA-mediated MAPK activation and its effects.Okratoksin A (OTA) posvuda je prisutan mikotoksin za koji se smatra da je potencijalno nefrotoksičan i karcinogen, a može uzrokovati i smrt stanice. OTA se smatra mogućim uzročnikom balkanske endemske nefropatije koju karakterizira povećani rizik od razvoja tumora mokraćnog sustava te različitih drugih vrsta intersticijskog nefritisa. Osjetljivost stanice naspram OTA ovisi ponajprije o koncentraciji mikotoksina, vremenu izloženosti i o unutarstaničnome molekularnom i genskom sklopu. OTA može djelovati na stanicu tako što potiče ili inhibira određene signalne putove u stanici poput puta proteinskih kinaza aktiviranih mitogenima (MAPK). Tri glavne MAPK u sisavaca su proteinska kinaza regulirana izvanstaničnim signalima (ERK), kinaza koja fosforilira N-kraj transkripcijskog faktora c-Jun (JNK) i p38 MAPK. Svi članovi porodice MAPK reguliraju različite stanične programe, s time da ERK najčešće stimuliraju preživljavanje stanica, dok JNK i p38 MAPK najčešće uzrokuju umiranje stanica apoptozom. U ovome smo preglednom članku prikazali na koji način stanice odgovaraju na aktivaciju MAPK koju potiče OTA

Isang kasaysayan ng Hacienda de Lolomboy, 1642-1928

Ang Bulacan ay isa sa mga lalawigan sa Gitnang Luzon kung saan naitatag ang mga hacienda na pag-aari ng mga ordeng relihiyoso noong pananakop ng mga Espanyol. Isa ang mga Dominikano sa mga ordeng relihiyoso sa nakapagtatag ng hacienda sa lalawigan at tinawag itong Hacienda de Lolomboy sa bayan ng Bocaue. Ang haciendang ito ay bunga ng adhikain ng mga misyonero na gamitin ang mga lupain sa Pilipinas bilang bahagi ng pagkukunan ng tulong sa pagtustos sa mga misyon. Ang kasaysayan ng Hacienda de Lolomboy ay sumasalamin sa buhay ng mga mamamayan mula noong maitatag ito hanggang sa mga taon na unti-unting binenta ang mga bahagi nito dahil sa kanilang naging kaugnayan sa mga gawain at pagbabagong naganap dito. Paksa ng tesis na ito ang kasaysayan ng Hacienda de Lolomboy na sumasaklaw mula 1642 hanggang 1928. Sa mahabang panahong sinasaklaw nakapaloob ang mahahalagang ikutang pangyayari sa pinagdaanan ng haciendang ito ng mga Dominikano: una, ang pagkakabuo mula sa mga donasyong lupa hanggang sa paglawak dahil sa pagbili ng mga bahagi; ikalawa, ang mga naging aktibidad sa hacienda na nakasentro sa produksyong agrikultural; ikatlo, ang kinahinatnan ng hacienda sa ilalim ng pagpapatupad ng Batas Blg. 1120 ng 1904, mas kilala sa tawag na Friar Lands Act; at ikaapat, ang pagpili sa sentro ng hacienda sa Lolomboy para pagtayuan ng escuela reformatoria at nang lumaon, ng asilo para sa may suliranin sap ag-iisip

Cannabis Analysis I: What’s in a Cannabis Gummy Bear?

A better question may be “What’s on a Cannabis Gummy Bear?” The widespread legalization of cannabis (Cannabis Sativa L.) in the US at the state level has spawned the production of a wide variety of consumer products containing chemical constituents derived from the cannabis plant. These compounds are typically extracted from the plant by various means and formulated into both edible and non-edible products. The main classes of compounds found in consumer products are cannabinoids, terpenes, and terpenoids. Over time, public acceptance has grown for the use of gelatin-based products (i.e., gummies) as oral delivery vehicles for vitamins, supplements, and drugs. Cannabis gummies are no exception. Cannabis gummies are formulated in two basic ways: infused with cannabis extracts during the compounding process or coated with the extracts in a final step after the gummy has formed. Chemical analysis of any finished product requires analytical laboratories to break down the product matrix to release the compounds which may be bound strongly to matrix components within the product. Since gummies are formulated with water, it is common practice to re-dissolve the gummy in an excess of water and then analyze the aqueous solution directly or extract the solution with a suitable organic solvent. The focus of this work was to determine an efficient means of extracting cannabidiol (CBD) in a variety of gummy products followed by analyses using Gas Chromatography - Electron Impact - Mass Spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). Ultimately, we determined that CBD coated gummies could be extracted directly with organic solvents, without the need for initial dissolution in water

Mycophenolate mofetil-related gastrointestinal mucosal injury in multivisceral transplantation

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has become an important and commonly used drug for maintenance immunosuppression therapy in recipients of all types of organ transplants. The drug is an antimetabolite that blocks the de novo pathway of purine synthesis. Although it selectively inhibits B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation, enterocytes are partially susceptible to MMF. One of the main limitations of this drug is gastrointestinal toxicity, with diarrhea the most frequently reported adverse effect. Most studies of MMF-associated gastrointestinal toxicity have been performed in patients with solid-organ transplants, although no data on changes related to MMF toxicity in bowel allografts have been published in the English literature. We evaluated mucosal intestinal biopsy tissue from patients with multivisceral transplants receiving MMF therapy. Our objective was to find morphologic changes that might be attributed to MMF toxicity, as well as changes that could differentiate MMF toxicity from acute rejection. Examination of the surface epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts in this small group of patients showed no specific changes that could be associated with MMF toxicity. Changes such as graft-vs-host disease or inflammatory bowel disease described in previous studies of solid-organ transplantation were not observed. Larger studies and the use of special stains and new markers might be necessary to characterize possible patterns of MMF toxicity and their differences from acute rejection