4 research outputs found

    Behandling av rökolÀgenheter vid smÄskalig vedeldning : Anvisning till myndigheter

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    Behandling av rökolÀgenheter vid smÄskalig vedeldning : Anvisning till myndigheterDenna anvisning riktar sig speciellt till hÀlso- och miljöskyddsmyndigheterna i kommunerna. Syftet med anvisningen Àr att klarlÀgga behovet av samarbete mellan myndigheter, arbetsfördelningen och förfaranden i situationer med rökolÀgenheter. I anvisningen presenteras betydelsen av rökolÀgenheter orsakade av smÄskalig eldning och klarlÀggs begreppet rökolÀgenhet. I anvisningen presenteras dessutom de vanligaste apparattyperna och sÀrdrag vid anvÀndning av dem. Det finns inga tillförlitliga mÀtmetoder för att mÀta rökolÀgenheter, och upplevelsen av olÀgenheter Àr individuell. DÀrför Àr det svÄrt att faststÀlla graden av olÀgenhet. I anvisningen presenteras olika aspekter med hjÀlp av vilka rökolÀgenheten emellertid kan bedömas utgÄende frÄn upprepad förekomst, varaktighet och hur kraftig den Àr. Bedömningen skapar en grund för proportionella myndighetsÄtgÀrder. Fall som gÀller rökolÀgenheter inleds ofta pÄ initiativ av dem som orsakats olÀgenhet. Myndigheten ska sÀtta sig in i situationen och Àven kontakta den part som eventuellt orsakar rök, ge anvisningar och försöka hitta en gemensamt godtagbar lösning i situationen. Om man inte lyckas, ska myndigheten fatta ett överklagbart beslut i Àrendet. Det finns fÄ fall som gÀller rökolÀgenhet som gÄtt Ànda till högsta förvaltningsdomstolen. I denna anvisning har man ocksÄ granskat förvaltningsdomstolarnas beslut om rökolÀgenheter och i dem försökt hitta riktlinjer för att behandla fall som gÀller rökolÀgenheter hos myndigheten. I anvisningen presenteras ocksÄ möjligheten att utnyttja medling vid behandling av fall av rökolÀgenhet

    Puun pienpolton savuhaittatapausten kÀsittely : Ohje viranomaisille

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    Puun pienpolton savuhaittatapausten kÀsittely : Ohje viranomaisilleTÀmÀ ohje on suunnattu erityisesti kuntien terveyden- ja ympÀristönsuojeluviranomaisille. Ohjeen tarkoitus on selkiyttÀÀ viranomaisten yhteistyön tarvetta, työnjakoa ja menettelyitÀ savuhaittatilanteissa. Ohjeessa tuodaan esiin pienpoltosta aiheutuvien savuhaittojen merkitystÀ ja selvennetÀÀn savuhaitan kÀsitettÀ. LisÀksi ohjeessa esitellÀÀn yleisimmÀt polttolaitetyypit ja niiden kÀytön erityispiirteet. Savuhaittojen mittaamiseen ei ole luotettavia mittausmenetelmiÀ, ja haittakokemukset ovat yksiöllisiÀ. TÀmÀn vuoksi haitan asteen mÀÀrittely on vaikeaa. Ohjeessa tuodaan esiin nÀkökohtia, joiden avulla savuhaittaa voidaan kuitenkin arvioida sen toistuvuuden, keston ja voimakkuuden perusteella. Arviointi luo pohjan viranomaisten toimien oikeasuhtaisuudelle. Savuhaittatapaukset tulevat usein vireille haittaa kÀrsivien aloitteesta. Viranomaisen tulee tutustua tilanteeseen ja olla yhteydessÀ myös savua mahdollisesti aiheuttavaan tahoon, ohjeistaa ja pyrkiÀ löytÀmÀÀn tilanteessa yhteisesti hyvÀksyttÀvÀ ratkaisu. Jos tÀssÀ ei onnistuta, viranomaisen on tehtÀvÀ asiasta valituskelpoinen pÀÀtös. Korkeimpaan hallinto-oikeuteen asti edenneitÀ savuhaittatapauksia on niukasti. TÀssÀ ohjeessa onkin tarkasteltu hallinto-oikeuksien savuhaittapÀÀtöksiÀ ja pyritty löytÀmÀÀn niistÀ suuntaviivoja savuhaittatapausten kÀsittelylle viranomaisessa. Ohjeessa tuodaan esiin myös sovittelumahdollisuuksien hyödyntÀminen savuhaittatapausten kÀsittelyssÀ

    Fine particle emissions from sauna stoves : effects of combustion appliance and fuel, and implications for the Finnish emission inventory

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    Sauna Stoves (SS) are simple wood combustion appliances used mainly in Nordic countries. They generate emissions that have an impact on air quality and climate. In this study, a new measurement concept for comparing the operation, thermal efficiency, and real-life fine particle and gaseous emissions of SS was utilized. In addition, a novel, simple, and universal emission calculation procedure for the determination of nominal emission factors was developed for which the equations are presented for the first time. Fine particle and gaseous concentrations from 10 different types of SS were investigated. It was found that each SS model was an individual in relation to stove performance: stove heating time, air-to-fuel ratio, thermal efficiency, and emissions. Nine-fold differences in fine particle mass (PM1) concentrations, and about 90-fold differences in concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were found between the SS, when dry (11% moisture content) birch wood was used. By using moist (18%) wood, particle number and carbon monoxide concentrations increased, but interestingly, PM1, PAH, and black carbon (BC) concentrations clearly decreased, when comparing to dry wood. E.g., PAH concentrations were 5.5–9.6 times higher with dry wood than with moist wood. Between wood species, 2–3-fold maximum differences in the emissions were found, whereas about 1.5-fold differences were observed between bark-containing and debarked wood logs. On average, the emissions measured in this study were considerably lower than in previous studies and emission inventories. This suggests that overall the designs of sauna stoves available on the market have improved during the 2010s. The findings of this study were used to update the calculation scheme behind the inventories, causing the estimates for total PM emissions from SS in Finland to decrease. However, wood-fired sauna stoves are still estimated to be the highest individual emission source of fine particles and black carbon in Finland

    Black carbon emissions from flaring in Russia in the period 2012-2017

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    Highlights ‱ New estimate for black carbon emissions from flaring in Russia. ‱ Enhanced temporal profiles of flared gas volume from VIIRS. ‱ Oil and gas field-type specific emission factors developed. ‱ Average BC emissions from 2012 to 2017 are estimated at 68.3 Gg/year.Gas flaring in the oil and gas industry has been identified as an important source of anthropogenic black carbon (BC) affecting the climate, particularly in the Arctic. Our study provides spatially-explicit estimates of BC emissions from flaring in Russia utilising state-of-the-art methodology for determining the emission factors. We utilised satellite time series of the flared gas volume from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) for the period 2012 to 2017, supplemented with information on the gas and oil field type. BC emissions at flaring locations were calculated based on field type-specific emission factors, taking into account different gas compositions in each field type. We estimate that the average annual BC emissions from flaring in Russia were 68.3 Gg/year, with the largest proportion stemming from oil fields (82%). We observed a decrease in the yearly emissions during the period 2012 to 2017 with regional differences in the trend. Our results highlight the importance of detailed information on gas composition and the stage of oil and gas separation of the flared gas to reduce uncertainties in the BC emission estimates
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