10 research outputs found

    Estudio de la contribución de la proteína LOXL3 a la progresión tumoral y plasticidad celular en melanoma

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    Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica. Fecha de Lectura: 21-10-2022El melanoma cutáneo es un tipo de cáncer de piel muy agresivo, poco común y muy letal, cuya incidencia ha ido aumentando en las últimas décadas. Los avances recientes en terapias dirigidas y en inmunoterapia han contribuido a mejorar la supervivencia de los pacientes diagnosticados en estadios tempranos, pero es habitual la adquisición de resistencia a dichas terapias. Loxl3 (Lisil oxidasa-like 3) pertenece a la familia de enzimas lisil oxidasas, formada por cinco miembros, que se caracterizan por ser secretadas al medio extracelular donde participan en procesos de remodelación de la matriz extracelular. Además de su función canónica, la evidencia acumulada ha puesto de manifiesto la participación de algunos miembros de la familia en la progresión tumoral y metástasis de diversos tipos de cáncer, ejerciendo funciones intracelulares e intranucleares. Resultados previos del grupo han establecido que LOXL3 es esencial para la supervivencia de células de melanoma humano y que participa en la correcta progresión del ciclo celular y en el mantenimiento de la estabilidad genómica. Además, la generación y caracterización de un modelo murino de melanoma con deleción condicional de Loxl3, confirmó la implicación de Loxl3 en la melanomagénesis de ratón y en la diseminación metastásica. En la presente tesis doctoral, se ha realizado la caracterización de líneas primarias de melanoma derivadas del modelo murino mencionado, así como análisis en otras líneas celulares de melanoma murino ya establecidas, para esclarecer el papel de Loxl3 en la melanomagénesis y en la progresión tumoral. Para ello, se han llevado a cabo diferentes experimentos in vitro, así como experimentos de tumorogénesis y metástasis experimental, determinando que Loxl3 es necesaria para la viabilidad celular en condiciones de crecimiento en dos dimensiones, para la progresión tumoral y para el mantenimiento de la estabilidad genómica en el contexto del melanoma murino. Por último, hemos evaluado la posible implicación de Loxl3 en la plasticidad celular del melanoma, determinando que Loxl3 podría estar controlando la expresión de Mitf y de varios EMT-TFs (Snail1, Prrx1 y Twist1). Además, mediante el uso de líneas de melanoma humano y murino, así como datos de pacientes de melanoma cutáneo, obtenidos de la base de datos TCGA, hemos establecido una correlación positiva entre LOXL3, SNAIL1 y PRRX1, específicamente en muestras que presentan la mutación BRAFV600E. Por tanto, proponemos que el eje LOXL3-SNAIL1- PRRX1 favorece la plasticidad celular en melanoma asociada a la progresión tumoral y representa una potencial diana terapéutica en melanom

    Lysyl oxidase-like 3 is required for melanoma cell survival by maintaining genomic stability

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    Lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3) is a member of the lysyl oxidase family comprising multifunctional enzymes with depicted roles in extracellular matrix maturation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. In silico expression analyses followed by experimental validation in a comprehensive cohort of human cell lines revealed a significant upregulation of LOXL3 in human melanoma. We show that LOXL3 silencing impairs cell proliferation and triggers apoptosis in various melanoma cell lines. Further supporting a pro-oncogenic role in melanoma, LOXL3 favors tumor growth in vivo and cooperates with oncogenic BRAF in melanocyte transformation. Upon LOXL3 depletion, melanoma cells display a faulty DNA damage response (DDR), characterized by ATM checkpoint activation and inefficient ATR activation leading to the accumulation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and aberrant mitosis. Consistent with these findings, LOXL3 binds to proteins involved in the maintenance of genome integrity, in particular BRCA2 and MSH2, whose levels dramatically decrease upon LOXL3 depletion. Moreover, LOXL3 is required for efficient DSB repair in melanoma cells. Our results reveal an unexpected role for LOXL3 in the control of genome stability and melanoma progression, exposing its potential as a novel therapeutic target in malignant melanoma, a very aggressive condition yet in need for more effective treatment options

    Loxl3 Promotes Melanoma Progression and Dissemination Influencing Cell Plasticity and Survival

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    Malignant melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer due to its aggressive clinical behavior and therapeutic resistance. A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma progression is urgently needed to improve the survival of melanoma patients. Phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells has emerged as a key process in melanomagenesis and therapy resistance. This phenotypic plasticity is sustained by an epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT)-like program that favors multiple intermediate states and allows adaptation to changing microenvironments along melanoma progression. Given the essential role of lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3) in human melanoma cell survival and its contribution to EMT, we generated mice with conditional melanocyte-specific targeting of Loxl3, concomitant to Braf activation and Pten deletion. Our results supported a key role of Loxl3 for melanoma progression, metastatic dissemination, and genomic stability, and supported its contribution to melanoma phenotypic plasticity by modulating the expression of several EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs). Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor causing most skin cancer-related deaths. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms responsible for melanoma progression and therapeutic evasion is still an unmet need for melanoma patients. Progression of skin melanoma and its dissemination to local or distant organs relies on phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells, orchestrated by EMT-TFs and microphthalmia-associated TF (MITF). Recently, melanoma phenotypic switching has been proposed to uphold context-dependent intermediate cell states benefitting malignancy. LOXL3 (lysyl oxidase-like 3) promotes EMT and has a key role in human melanoma cell survival and maintenance of genomic integrity. To further understand the role of Loxl3 in melanoma, we generated a conditional Loxl3-knockout (KO) melanoma mouse model in the context of BrafV600E-activating mutation and Pten loss. Melanocyte-Loxl3 deletion increased melanoma latency, decreased tumor growth, and reduced lymph node metastatic dissemination. Complementary in vitro and in vivo studies in mouse melanoma cells confirmed Loxl3's contribution to melanoma progression and metastasis, in part by modulating phenotypic switching through Snail1 and Prrx1 EMT-TFs. Importantly, a novel LOXL3-SNAIL1-PRRX1 axis was identified in human melanoma, plausibly relevant to melanoma cellular plasticity. These data reinforced the value of LOXL3 as a therapeutic target in melanoma

    Loxl2 and Loxl3 Paralogues Play Redundant Roles during Mouse Development

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    Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) and 3 (LOXL3) are members of the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes involved in the maturation of the extracellular matrix. Both enzymes share a highly conserved catalytic domain, but it is unclear whether they perform redundant functions in vivo. In this study, we show that mice lacking Loxl3 exhibit perinatal lethality and abnormal skeletal development. Additionally, analysis of the genotype of embryos carrying double knockout of Loxl2 and Loxl3 genes suggests that both enzymes have overlapping functions during mouse development. Furthermore, we also show that ubiquitous expression of Loxl2 suppresses the lethality associated with Loxl3 knockout mice

    E2A Modulates Stemness, Metastasis, and Therapeutic Resistance of Breast Cancer

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    International audienceCancer stem cells (CSC) are considered responsible for tumorinitiation, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. A comprehen-sive knowledge of the mechanisms governing the acquisition andmaintenance of cancer stemness is crucial for the development ofnew therapeutic approaches in oncology. E2A basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors are associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor progression, butknowledge of their functional contributions to cancer biologyis still limited. Using a combination ofin vivoandin vitroanalyses in a novel PyMT-E2A conditional knockout mousemodel and derived primary tumor cell lines, we report here anessential role of E2A in stemness, metastasis, and therapeuticresistance in breast cancer. Targeted deletion of E2A in themammary gland impaired tumor-initiating ability and dediffer-entiation potential and severely compromised metastatic com-petence of PyMT-driven mammary tumors. Mechanistic studiesin PyMT-derived cell lines indicated that E2A actions are medi-ated by the upregulation of Snai1 transcription. Importantly,high E2A and SNAIL1 expression occurred in aggressive humanbasal-like breast carcinomas, highlighting the relevance of theE2A–Snail1 axis in metastatic breast cancer. In addition, E2Afactors contributed to the maintenance of genomic integrityand resistance to PARP inhibitors in PyMT and human triple-negative breast cancer cells. Collectively, these results support thepotential for E2A transcription factors as novel targets worthy oftranslational consideration in breast cance

    Proyecto San Juan

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    El trabajo obtuvo un Premio Tomás García Verdejo a las buenas prácticas educativas en la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura para el curso académico 2016/2017. Modalidad BSe presenta un proyecto llevado a cabo en el IES Matías Ramón Martínez de Burguillos del Cerro (Badajoz) en torno a la antigua Iglesia de San Juan Bautista, que actualmente es el centro de interpretación de la Orden del Temple y que fue antigüo templo religioso de varias religiones. El proyecto pretende sensibilizar al alumnado de la importancia del patrimonio cultural y artístico, promover el conocimiento desde distintos puntos de vista de las culturas que coexistían en la Edad Media y su aportación al conocimiento actual, analizar la sociedad actual y la medieval y ver como los valores de igualdad y tolerancia han evolucionado. Finalmente se utilizaron estos conocimientos para el emprendimiento, creando una empresa de promoción turísticaExtremaduraES
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