The last reason of the judicial proof. A philosophical approach

El presente artículo indaga por los fundamentos últimos de la prueba judicial desde la perspectiva del realismo jurídico clásico. Pone en evidencia la necesidad primordial de un sustrato ontológico, lógico y metodológico sustancialista, en el sentido de objetivo, de la prueba judicial, al mismo tiempo que hace manifiestas las antinomias provocadas por los sistemas probatorios y procesales constructivistas a la ciencia del derecho y al propio estatuto epistemológico de la prueba judicial, lo que ha desembocado en un olvido, consciente o inconsciente, del fin último del quehacer del derecho: el acto de justicia.This paper deals with the basic essentials of legal evidence from the perspective of legal realism factor. It underlines the paramount need for a substrate ontological, logical and methodological substantial, objective meaning of legal evidence. At the same time, which makes manifest the antinomies caused by constructivist evidentiary and procedural systems to the science of law and at the same epistemological status of legal evidence. What has led to an oversight, consciously or unconsciously, the ultimate goal of the task of law: the act of justice

Preparation, characterization, intrinsic dissolution studies and microbiological assessment of dapsone tosylate polymorphs

Purpose: To prepare dapsone tosylate salt (TD) and its two polymorphs (TD-I and TD-II), and study their intrinsic dissolution profiles and preliminary anti-mycobacterium activity.Methods: The synthesized product was studied with respect to the effect of solvent selection, reaction temperature and evaporation rate on the solid phase obtained. The polymorphs were characterized using powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). UV/Vis spectroscopy was employed for quantification of the salt, while Wood apparatus was used for dissolution studies. Microdilution assay, using a 96-well equipment, was employed for the evaluation of anti-mycobacterial activity.Results: On analysis of the solids obtained from synthesis with PXRD, two different patterns were observed. One pattern belonged to TD-I, previously reported, and the other was a new polymorph TD-II. Solvent evaporation was important in the selective preparation of TD-I or TD-II. Analyses with DSC, TGA and 1H-NMR revealed the absence of solvent in both solids and showed that TD-II was not a solvated salt. Spectral analysis with FT-IR demonstrated structural relationship between TD-I and TD-II. Intrinsic dissolution studies showed that both polymorphs dissolved faster than dapsone (DAP).Conclusion: It is possible to synthesize TD and select the polymorph prepared by means of modulated solvent evaporation rate. The rank order of the intrinsic dissolution rate constants was TD-II > TD-I > DAP. The tosylate salt enhanced inhibitory effect on M. fortuitum, when compared to DAP.Keywords: Dapsone tosylate, Polymorphism, Solid phase characteristics, Intrinsic dissolution, Antimycobacterium activit

Efficiency Maximization of a Jet Pump for an Hydraulic Artificial Lift System

In science and engineering, mathematical modeling serves as a tool to understand processes and systems acting as a testing bed for several hypotheses. The selection of a specific model, as well as its variables and parameters, depends on the nature of the system under analysis and the acceptable simplifying assumptions. Therefore, it must allow for a good fit between both the hypothesis and the available data. Opposite to other design approaches based on experimental data or/and complex models, this work presents a simpler numerical design method for efficiency maximization of an Hydraulic Jet Pump (HJP) for oil-well extraction process, considering its hydraulic and geometric parameters. The design process consists in setting and solving a constrained non-linear optimization problem by taking into account the hydraulic model of the HJP in terms four design variables: throat area, nozzle area, injection flow, and injection pressure to the oil-well. The objective function of this case aims to maximize the HJP's efficiency avoiding to approach cavitation condition as well fulfilling technical constraints. A numerical technique, Differential Evolution Algorithm (DEA), has been implemented to solve the optimization problem. The proposed methodology leads to a solution set by considering only commercial geometries and feasible operating conditions for the HJP, which facilitates its practical implementation. A set of ten oil-wells with land production data, operating in the southeaster of Mexico, is used to compare and validate several Jet pump designs, i. e., through comparison with actual oil-well's operation condition.Peer Reviewe

Síntesis y caracterización de matrices de sílice porosa por el método sol-gel para soporte de fármaco.

En los últimos años, el estudio de los materiales cerámicos para ser empleados como vehículos de fármacos en las tecnologías de liberación sostenida, se ha incrementado considerablemente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de los tensoactivos bromuro de cetiltrimetilamonio (CTAB) y Pluronic P123 (P123), en las propiedades texturales de la sílice para ser utilizada como soporte para la liberación sostenida de fármacos. Los materiales fueron caracterizados por técnicas de espectroscopia infrarroja con transformada de Fourier, difracción de rayos X, microscopia electrónica de barrido, fisisorción de nitrógeno y análisis termogravimétrico y térmico diferencial. Se determinó que el área superficial de la sílice aumenta con el uso de CTAB y P123, logrando incrementos de hasta el doble de los valores presentados por los materiales sintetizados sin tensoactivo, además que los materiales obtenidos con P123 a pH 3 presentaron mayor uniformidad de poro, con tamaño correspondiente al orden mesoporoso. Concluyendo que las condiciones de síntesis, que incluyen el empleo de tensoactivos, modifican las propiedades de la sílice, generando matrices con diferente área superficial y diversos tamaños de partícula y de poro, lo cual les da potencial para incorporar distintos fármacos y liberarlos de forma sostenida

Searches for Ultra-High-Energy Photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory, being the largest air-shower experiment in the world, offers an unprecedented exposure to neutral particles at the highest energies. Since the start of data taking more than 18 years ago, various searches for ultra-high-energy (UHE, $E\gtrsim10^{17}\,\text{eV}$) photons have been performed: either for a diffuse flux of UHE photons, for point sources of UHE photons or for UHE photons associated with transient events like gravitational wave events. In the present paper, we summarize these searches and review the current results obtained using the wealth of data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Review article accepted for publication in Universe (special issue on ultra-high energy photons

The Pierre Auger Observatory Open Data

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has embraced the concept of open access to their research data since its foundation, with the aim of giving access to the widest possible community. A gradual process of release began as early as 2007 when 1% of the cosmic-ray data was made public, along with 100% of the space-weather information. In February 2021, a portal was released containing 10% of cosmic-ray data collected from 2004 to 2018, during Phase I of the Observatory. The Portal included detailed documentation about the detection and reconstruction procedures, analysis codes that can be easily used and modified and, additionally, visualization tools. Since then the Portal has been updated and extended. In 2023, a catalog of the 100 highest-energy cosmic-ray events examined in depth has been included. A specific section dedicated to educational use has been developed with the expectation that these data will be explored by a wide and diverse community including professional and citizen-scientists, and used for educational and outreach initiatives. This paper describes the context, the spirit and the technical implementation of the release of data by the largest cosmic-ray detector ever built, and anticipates its future developments.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Radio Measurements of the Depth of Air-Shower Maximum at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA), part of the Pierre Auger Observatory, is currently the largest array of radio antenna stations deployed for the detection of cosmic rays, spanning an area of $17$ km$^2$ with 153 radio stations. It detects the radio emission of extensive air showers produced by cosmic rays in the $30-80$ MHz band. Here, we report the AERA measurements of the depth of the shower maximum ($X_\text{max}$), a probe for mass composition, at cosmic-ray energies between $10^{17.5}$ to $10^{18.8}$ eV, which show agreement with earlier measurements with the fluorescence technique at the Pierre Auger Observatory. We show advancements in the method for radio $X_\text{max}$ reconstruction by comparison to dedicated sets of CORSIKA/CoREAS air-shower simulations, including steps of reconstruction-bias identification and correction, which is of particular importance for irregular or sparse radio arrays. Using the largest set of radio air-shower measurements to date, we show the radio $X_\text{max}$ resolution as a function of energy, reaching a resolution better than $15$ g cm$^{-2}$ at the highest energies, demonstrating that radio $X_\text{max}$ measurements are competitive with the established high-precision fluorescence technique. In addition, we developed a procedure for performing an extensive data-driven study of systematic uncertainties, including the effects of acceptance bias, reconstruction bias, and the investigation of possible residual biases. These results have been cross-checked with air showers measured independently with both the radio and fluorescence techniques, a setup unique to the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Demonstrating Agreement between Radio and Fluorescence Measurements of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We show, for the first time, radio measurements of the depth of shower maximum ($X_\text{max}$) of air showers induced by cosmic rays that are compared to measurements of the established fluorescence method at the same location. Using measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory we show full compatibility between our radio and the previously published fluorescence data set, and between a subset of air showers observed simultaneously with both radio and fluorescence techniques, a measurement setup unique to the Pierre Auger Observatory. Furthermore, we show radio $X_\text{max}$ resolution as a function of energy and demonstrate the ability to make competitive high-resolution $X_\text{max}$ measurements with even a sparse radio array. With this, we show that the radio technique is capable of cosmic-ray mass composition studies, both at Auger and at other experiments.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. Let