Russo-Tatarica. Fejezetek az orosz-tatár kapcsolatok történetéből = Russo-Tatarica. Chapters from the history of Russo-Tatar relations

A kutatási terv azt tűzte ki feladatául, hogy a Kazán bevétele előtt (1552) orosz szolgálatba állott tatár eredetű nemesi családok körét és történetét egy monográfiában feltárja. Ehhez főleg kiadatlan orosz levéltári forrásokat kellett átnézni: ennek révén 130 tatár eredetű családra vonatkozó anyag gyűlt össze. A munka jórészét e publikálatlan forrásanyag közreadása és elemzése teszi ki, melyet az összeállított családfák, majd rövid proszopográfiai és archontológiai megjegyzések követnek, melyek egyéb forrásokból követik nyomon az egyes családtagok életútját és hivatali tisztségeit. Külön rész vizsgálja a genealógiák bevezető részét, az ún. legendát, azaz a család ősének származását közlő történetet. Bizonyítást nyer, hogy a tatár származások esetében a legtöbb történet régi, hiteles hagyományra megy vissza. A családnevek vizsgálata azt mutatja, hogy a család és a nevük eredetét külön kell kezelni, mivel a tatár eredetű családnév önmagában semmit sem bizonyít a család tatár eredetére vonatkozóan. Fontos tanulságokkal jár az 1552 előtt orosz szolgálatba lépett tatár eredetű nemesi családok kronológiai eloszlása, mely jól jelzi az Arany Horda és az orosz fejedelemségek belső viszonyait és külső kapcsolatait. Végül fontos kérdés, hogy a tatár családok milyen helyet foglaltak el az orosz társadalom felső rétegei között: két hercegi családot és öt bojári címig jutott családot leszámítva a tatár származású nemesség főleg a közép- és kisbirtokosokhoz tartozott. | The main aim of the project was the compilation of a monograph in which the history of the servitors of Tatar descent prior to the capture of Kazan (1552) is presented. To this end unpublished Russian archival material was utilized: a material pertaining to 130 noble families having Tatar descent was collected. The main bulk of the monograph consists of the publication and analysis of this vast material which is followed by a compilation of family-trees, and short prosopographical and archontological remarks concerning the lives and official posts of single members of the families. The introductory part of the genealogies, the so-called legend is separately subjected to investigation. Most legends on the Tatar descent go back to authentic tradition. A scrutiny into the family names shows that the origin of a family and that of its name do not automatically overlap: A family name of Tatar origin cannot be used as proof of the Tatar descent of the family. The chronological distribution of the Russian gentry of Tatar descent in the pre-1552 period reveals important points concerning the relations of the Golden Horde and the Russian principalities. Finally, the question of "What was the social position of these Tatar families within the Russian servitor class?" is answered. Apart from 2 princely families and 5 families in which boyar members were present, most of the Russian servitors having Tatar descent belonged to the middle and lower layers of landowners

Book Reviews

András Róna-Tas and Árpád Berta: West Old Turkic: Turkic loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica 84). 2 volumes. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2011. pp 1494. Sándor Klára: Nyelvrokonság és hunhagyomány. Rénszarvas vagy csodaszarvas? Nyelvtörténet és művelődéstörténet [Linguistic affinity and the Hun tradition. Reindeer or miracle stag? Historical linguistics and cultural history]. Budapest: TypoTEX, 2011. pp 468

Factors of trust in machinery sharing arrangements

The paper examines the drivers of trust in the machinery sharing cooperation arrangements of Hungarian fieldcrops farms. Our research has focused on the role of two factors on the basis of the widely referred trust model: faith in loyalty and capability. The empirical results clearly confirm the hypothesis of the theoretical model, namely, which partners will trust each other if their faith is high both in loyalty and in competence. Our research has also pointed out that the level of trust between partners is determined differently by the two examined factors: it is statistically proved that the impact of faith in loyalty is higher

Péter Arany Horda-i cárevics, az orosz egyház szentje és a Csirikovok genealógiája = Peter Ordynsky, Saint of the Russian Church and the Genealogy of the Chirikovs

One of the most original works of Old Russian literature is the Povest’ o Petre, tsareviche Ordynskom. The story takes place between the 1250s and 1320s, i.e. during the first period of the Tatar Yoke (tatarskoe igo) of the Russian principalities. For the history of early Tatar–Russian relations, it is a fairly reliable source. The main hero of the story is a prince from the Golden Horde who converted to Christianity in Rostov, then he founded a monastery and since the 14th century is venerated as a saint of the Russian Church. He and his descendants became integrated into the Russian elite. The work is a peculiar mixture of historical narrative (povest’) and the lives of saints (zhitie), which provides a remarkable insight into the history of contemporary life and Tatar–Russian relations. The legend itself may have been created at a time close to the narrated events, but as a literary work the Povest’ acquired its final form in the second half of the 15th century. The article first presents the narrative, then tries to find answers to a couple of philological and historical questions raised by the text and shed light on the historicity of the Tatar background. Finally, the article traces the genealogy of the Chirikov family until the end of the 15th century, who, according to the Russian genealogical tradition, descended from Tsarevich Peter

Western Sources on the Early Towns of the Middle Volga Region

The article aims at summarising the evidence of European sources concerning the towns of the Middle Volga region. First, the Hungarian Anonymus's Gesta Ungarorum is scrutinised, then the Western travellers' accounts are considered. The result is that prior to the 14th century only Bulgar, the capital of Volga Bulgaria was known to medieval West. In the second part of the paper the works of 14th-15th-century European cartography are investigated. The names and locations of three towns (Bulgar, Kremencuk and Jüketau) are dealt with in detail. The final conclusion is that these maps, though they are precious contemporary sources, must be handled with special caution and criticism