The effects of barrages on Euphrates river (Keban, Karakaya and Atatürk) on the temperature

Bu çalışmada amaçlanan husus; Keban, Karakaya, Atatürk barajları gibi büyük bir sistem oluşturan Orta Fırat Nehri üzerine kurulu barajlar dizisinin çalışma alanımızın sıcaklık ve yağış değerleri üzerinde etkilerinin olup olmadığının ortaya konulmasıdır.Bu amaçla seçilen çalışma sahası yer şekillerinin özelliklerine göre kuzey ve güney olmak üzere iki bölüme ayrılmıştır. Çalışma alanımızın kuzeyi engebeli ve ortalama yükseltisi fazladır. Çalışma alanımızın güneyi daha sade ve ortalama yükseltisi daha azdır. Keban ve Karakaya Barajları çalışma alanımızın kuzeyinde kalırken Atatürk Barajı çalışma alanımızın güneyinde kalmıştır.Çalışmamız için seçilen üç il ve on beş ilçe istasyonuna ait 1975-2009 yılları arasındaki yağış ve sıcaklık verilerini farklı iki döneme karşılık gelen 1975-1990 ve 1991-2009 yılları arası birbirleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır.Çalışma alanımızın kuzeyi ve güneyinde barajların iklime etkisini belirlenmesi için uygulanan formüllerde de dönemler arasında farklılıkların olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma alanımızda uygulanan formüller neticesinde çıkan sonuçlara ait tablolar incelendiğinde ise Erinç (1965)'e göre çalışma alanımızın kuzeyinde bir istasyon hariç tüm istasyonlarda indis değerleri ikinci dönemde azalmıştır. Güneyde ise tüm istasyonlarda azalmıştır. Köppen (1928)'e göre ikinci dönemde kuzeyde tüm istasyonlarda artış görülürken güneydeki istasyonlardan ikisinde dönemler arasında değişiklik görülmez iken diğerlerinde artmıştır. Thornthwaite (1948), iklim tasnifine göre bir istasyonda dönemler arası artış belirlenirken diğer istasyonlarda ise azalma görülmüştür. Güneydeki sahada ise tüm istasyonlarda dönemler arası azalma vardır. Emberger (1954)'e göre kuzeyde bir istasyon hariç azalma, Güneyde iki istasyonda artış, diğer istasyonlarda ise azalış tespit edilmiştir.Whether the barrage series over the River Fırat that composes a great system including Keban, Karakaya, Atatürk barrages have affects on temperature and precipitation values or not in our working area is aimed point in this study.The working land that was selected for this purpose has been divided in two sections as north and south according to geographical formation. The north of our working land is hilly ground and its average elevation is high. The south of our working land is plainer and its average elevation is less. While Keban and Karakaya barrages are included in the north of our research area, Ataturk Barrage was included in the south of our study.Te precipitation and temperature data between 1975 and 2009 belongs to three provinces and fifteen district stations have been divided in two period as 1975 ? 1990 and 1991 ? 2009 and these periods have been compared with each others.It has been determined there is regional difference at the applied formulas to determine affects of barrages to climate in the south and north of our research area. At the end of applied formulas in our working area, when occurred tables were examined, according to Erinç (1965) the index value in all stations except one in the north region of our working area decreased in the second term. But it was decreased in all stations in the south region. According to Köppen (1928), it was determined that an increase was seen in all stations in the north in the second term, no change was determined among the stations in the south region between the periods but others were increased. According to Thornthwaite (1948) Climate classification, while increase is determining between the periods, decreasing is seen in the other stations. There is decreasing in all stations in the south area. According to Emberger (1954) no decreasing was determined except one station in the north, it was increased in two stations in the south and it decreased in other stations

The skills of defibrillation practice and certified life-support training in the healthcare providers in Turkey.

Aim of the study Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation and early defibrillation are critical in survival after in- or out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. The scope of this multi-centre study is to (a) assess skills of paediatric healthcare providers (HCPs) concerning two domains: (1) recognising rhythm abnormalities and (2) the use of defibrillator devices, and (b) to evaluate the impact of certified basic-life-support (BLS) and advanced-life-support (ALS) training to offer solutions for quality of improvement in several paediatric emergency cares and intensive care settings of Turkey. Methods This cross-sectional and multi-centre survey study included several paediatric emergency care and intensive care settings from different regions of Turkey. Results A total of 716 HCPs participated in the study (physicians: 69.4%, healthcare staff: 30.6%). The median age was 29 (27-33) years. Certified BLS-ALS training was received in 61% (n = 303/497) of the physicians and 45.2% (n = 99/219) of the non-physician healthcare staff (P < .001). The length of professional experience had favourable outcome towards an increased self-confidence in the physicians (P < .01, P < .001). Both physicians and non-physician healthcare staff improved their theoretical knowledge in the practice of synchronised cardioversion defibrillation (P < .001, P < .001). Non-certified healthcare providers were less likely to manage the initial doses of synchronised cardioversion and defibrillation: the correct responses remained at 32.5% and 9.2% for synchronised cardioversion and 44.8% and 16.7% for defibrillation in the physicians and healthcare staff, respectively. The indications for defibrillation were correctly answered in the physicians who had acquired a certificate of BLS-ALS training (P = .047, P = .003). Conclusions The professional experience is significant in the correct use of a defibrillator and related procedures. Given the importance of early defibrillation in survival, the importance and proper use of defibrillators should be emphasised in Certified BLS-ALS programmes. Certified BLS-ALS programmes increase the level of knowledge and self-confidence towards synchronised cardioversion-defibrillation procedures