The Palaeolithic Period in the Ebro Valley: A Synthesis

Se pasa revisión al estudio del Paleolítico en el año 2000, con aportaciones nuevas para el Paleolítico Inferior en Teruel (elefantes de Cuesta dela Bajada) y La Rioja (series del Najerilla). En el Paleolítico Medio se reexamina el valor de las facies musterienses para conocer la funcionalidad de los asentamientos, analizando la cueva de Gabasa como modelo de cazadero (compartido con carnívoros) y la de Peña Miel como modelo de hábitat permanente (con aprovechamiento extremo de los huesos). Se plantea también la validez del término “Frontera del Ebro” en el 40.000 ya que existen niveles musteriensestardíos al Norte de este río, del mismo modo que se repasan los yacimientos del Paleolítico Superior Inicial del Valle del Ebro (Peña Miel en Rioja, abrigo del Ángel en Teruel; Zatoya, Mugarduia y Alquerdi en Navarra). En el Magdaleniense se analiza la organización microespacial del nivel “e” de la cueva de Abauntz con los últimos datos de la segunda sala y se pasa revista a la extensión de esta cultura por el valle del Ebro desde el Prepirineo (Chaves, Forcas, Peña 14, Parco, Montlleó) hasta territorios antes desconocidos y que marcan la extensión hacia laMeseta a través del valle del Henar (Peña del Diablo, abrigos Vergara y Alexandre) y el piedemonte del Moncayo (cueva Bolichera). La ruta hacia Levante quedaría marcada por los yacimientos de Guadalope y Mijares (abrigo de Ángel, Barranco Hondo, Los Toros).This article deals with the subject of the Paleolithic study in 2000, with new contributions for the Lower Paleolithic in Teruel (elephants of Cuesta de la Bajada) and Rioja (Najerilla series). In Middle Paleolithic the value of the Mousterian facies is studied in order to know the sites functionality, analyzing the cave of Gabasa like “butchery model” (shared with carnivores) and Peña Miel Cave like permanent habitat (with the bones amortised). Also, we consider the validity of the term Ebro Frontier in 40,000 since there are Late Mousterian to the North of this river. We also study the deposits of the Early Upper Paleolithic at the Ebro Valley (Peña Miel in Rioja, Angel in Teruel; Zatoya,Mugarduia and Alquerdi in Navarre). In theMagdalenian the microspace organization of the level"e" of Abauntz Cave is analyzed with the last data of the second room and is studied the extension of this culture by the Ebro Valley from the PrePyrenean area (Chaves, Forcas, Peña 14, Parco, Montlleó) to territories not known some years ago and that mark to the extension toward the Meseta through the Henar valley(Peña del Diablo, Vergara and Alexandre shelters) and Moncayo Mountain (Bolichera cave). The route towards the SE would be marked by the sites of the Guadalope and Mijares rivers (Angel, Barranco Hondo, Los Toros shelters)

Synthesis and characterization of η5-cyclopentadienyl-silylallyl niobium and tantalum complexes

Reaction of the disilylcyclopentadiene 1,1-[SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)]2C5H4 with NbCl5 gave the new allylsilyl-substituted monocyclopentadienyl niobium complex [Nb{η5-C5H4SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)}Cl4]. This compound was reacted with LiNHtBu or NH2tBu to give the imido derivative [Nb{η5-C5H4SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)}(NtBu)Cl2], which was further alkylated to the imido alkyl complexes [Nb{η5-C5H4SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)}(NtBu)R2] (R = Me, CH2Ph) and [Nb{η5-C5H4SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)}(NtBu)Cl (CH2Ph)]. Reaction of the imido complexes with the corresponding lithium cyclopentadienides gave the dicyclopentadienyl-imido complexes [M(η5-C5R5){η5-C5H4SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)}(NtBu)Cl] (M = Nb, Ta; R = H, Me). Metallocene dichlorides [M(η5-C5R5){η5-C5H4SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)}Cl2] (M = Nb, Ta; R = H, Me) were easily prepared by reduction with Na/Hg and simultaneous transmetallation of [Ta(η5-C5R5)Cl4] with Li[C5H4SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)] and of [Nb{η5-C5H4SiMe2(CH2CHdouble bond; length as m-dashCH2)}Cl4] with Li(C5R5). All of the new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, and IR and NMR spectroscopy.Financial support of our work by MCyT (Project MAT2001-1309) is gratefully acknowledged

Obtención de los 8-hidroxiquino leatos de aluminio (III) y galio (III) por precipitación homogénea en medio básico y estudio de los precipitados obtenidos

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, leída en 1975.Fac. de Ciencias QuímicasTRUEProQuestpu

Monopentamethylcyclopentadienyl isocyanide, amine and imido tantalum(V) complexes. X-ray crystal structure of [TaCp*Cl4(CN-2,6-Me2C6H3)]

[TaCp★Cl4](Cp★ = η5-C5Me5) reacts with isocyanides and amines to give the pseudo-octahedral adducts [TaCp★Cl4L] (L = 2,6-Me2C6H3NC, 1; 2,4,6-Me3C6H2NC, 2; tBuNC, 3; or C6H5NH2, 4). Reduction of 1, or alternatively of [TaCp★Cl4] in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of isocyanide, with two equivalents of Na/Hg gives the diamagnetic pseudo-octahedral tantalum(III) complex, [TaCp★Cl2(CN-2,6-Me2C6H3)35. Reaction of 4 with two equivalents of LiNEt2 affords the pseudo-octahedral imido complex [TaCp★Cl2(NC6H5). 6. All the complexes were characterized by usual IR and NMR spectroscopic methods and the molecular structure of I was confirmed by X-ray diffraction methods

Monopentamethylcyclopentadienyl isocyanide, amine and imido tantalum(V) complexes. X-ray crystal structure of [TaCp*Cl4(CN-2,6-Me2C6H3)]

[TaCp★Cl4](Cp★ = η5-C5Me5) reacts with isocyanides and amines to give the pseudo-octahedral adducts [TaCp★Cl4L] (L = 2,6-Me2C6H3NC, 1; 2,4,6-Me3C6H2NC, 2; tBuNC, 3; or C6H5NH2, 4). Reduction of 1, or alternatively of [TaCp★Cl4] in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of isocyanide, with two equivalents of Na/Hg gives the diamagnetic pseudo-octahedral tantalum(III) complex, [TaCp★Cl2(CN-2,6-Me2C6H3)35. Reaction of 4 with two equivalents of LiNEt2 affords the pseudo-octahedral imido complex [TaCp★Cl2(NC6H5). 6. All the complexes were characterized by usual IR and NMR spectroscopic methods and the molecular structure of I was confirmed by X-ray diffraction methods

¿Se puede trabajar matemáticas fuera de la clase de matemáticas?: Una Propuesta Didáctica.

La enseñanza tradicional sigue muy presente, pero la metodología por proyectos se está implantando con fuerza en las aulas. Este trabajo muestra las posibilidades que existen de trabajar contenidos de matemáticas en un proyecto. En este caso, se analizará un proyecto que no incluye las matemáticas. La metodología de aprendizaje basado en proyectos (ABP), da cabida a todos los contenidos de diferentes materias, y con el análisis y la propuesta que se harán, se demostrará que las matemáticas no tienen que dejarse fuera del proyecto, porque sí se pueden y se deben integrar

Yacimientos prehistóricos en el Noguera Ribagorzana. La cueva de los Huesos de Castillonroy y otros enclaves del entorno

En este artículo se da noticia de una cueva sepulcral de la Edad del Bronce datada en 3115±35 BP y se da cuenta de los yacimientos prehistóricos del entorno que pudieran ser contemporáneos: cuatro abrigos con arte rupestre esquemático, un depósito de piezas de bronce, algunos poblados y un largo puñal de sílex bellamente tallado, tipo que suele aparecer en conjuntos funerarios

Study of the optimal waveforms for non-destructive spectral analysis of aqueous solutions by means of audible sound and optimization algorithms

Acoustic analysis of materials is a common non-destructive technique, but most efforts are focused on the ultrasonic range. In the audible range, such studies are generally devoted to audio engineering applications. Ultrasonic sound has evident advantages, but also severe limitations, like penetration depth and the use of coupling gels. We propose a biomimetic approach in the audible range to overcome some of these limitations. A total of 364 samples of water and fructose solutions with 28 concentrations between 0 g/L and 9 g/L have been analyzed inside an anechoic chamber using audible sound configurations. The spectral information from the scattered sound is used to identify and discriminate the concentration with the help of an improved grouping genetic algorithm that extracts a set of frequencies as a classifier. The fitness function of the optimization algorithm implements an extreme learning machine. The classifier obtained with this new technique is composed only by nine frequencies in the (3–15) kHz range. The results have been obtained over 20,000 independent random iterations, achieving an average classification accuracy of 98.65% for concentrations with a difference of ±0.01 g/L

Call it home: Mesolithic dwellings in the Ebro Basin (NE Spain)

This paper summarises our knowledge of Mesolithic space management — which concerns the choice of the living place itself and the recognisable dwelling structures — in the Middle Ebro Basin, where more than fifteen accurately dated Mesolithic sites have been found and excavated in the last several decades. In the last forty years, the Ebro Basin has emerged as the most important area for the study of the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic period in the Iberian Peninsula. Dozens of recently excavated sites with hundreds of accurate radiocarbon dates offer a good panorama of the transition from traditional hunting-gathering strategies to the gradual incorporation of Neolithic innovations. Nevertheless, much remains unknown in wide areas across the basin due to poor conservation or mere research defaults, so there is still much work to do. For brevity and research tradition, this paper will be restricted to the Middle Ebro Basin. The vast majority of documented Mesolithic sites throughout the basin occupy the frequent limestone, sandstone or conglomeratic rockshelters that proliferate in the ranges flanking the north and the lower flat areas in the south. There, natural “roofed” refuges are scarce, and prehistoric groups inhabited open-air campsites. Archaeological surveys are difficult to conduct in these flat terrains due to high-scale Holocene erosive processes, which hamper our knowledge of the actual dwelling strategies in Mesolithic times. Across the basin, only one open-air site is known about compared to more than forty rockshelters. Of these, most share common elements: they are small, open to the rising sun and appear next to rivers or ravines, guaranteeing access to fresh water and control of potential game. Some show evidence of human presence from the Magdalenian times; others were in use in the Neolithic period and beyond. A common feature is the final prehistoric usage of funerary sites during the Chalcolithic period. Many sites are in close vicinity to one another, but due to the imprecision of our data, it is impossible to know with certainty whether different groups occupied them at the same time. Most habitual structures found in them are hearths, usually circled (or even paved) with local cobbles or slabs, but some space arrangements (rudimentary walls, postholes…) have been occasionally documented

The silence of the layers: Archaeological site visibility in the Pleistocene-Holocene transition at the Ebro Basin

The Ebro Basin constitutes one of the most representative territories in SW Europe for the study of prehistoric societies during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. The correlation of palaeoenvironmental and geomorphological proxies obtained from sedimentary records with chronologically well-constrained reference archaeological sites has allowed defining this time frame precisely, such that three main pilot areas haven been broadly depicted: the Alavese region, the Pre-Pyrenees and the Bajo Aragón. Overall, the human imprint in the Ebro Basin was rare during the Upper Palaeolithic, but more visible from the Upper Magdalenian (14500–13500 cal BP) to Neolithic times (up to 5500 cal BP). Local environmental resources were continuously managed by the prehistoric communities in the different areas of study. In fact, the Ebro Basin acted during those millennia as a whole, developing the same cultural trends, industrial techniques and settlement patterns in parallel throughout the territory. However, some gaps exist in the 14C frequency curve (SCDPD curve). This is partially related to prehistoric sites in particular lithologies and geological structures that could have partly been lost by erosional processes, especially during the Early Holocene. In addition, this gap also parallels the reconstructed climate trend for the Pre-Pyrenean and the Bajo Aragón areas, which are defined by high frequencies of xerophilous flora until ca. 9500 cal BP, suggesting that continental climate features could have hampered the presence of well-established human communities in inland regions. The interdisciplinary research (archaeology, geomorphology and palaeoclimatology) discussed in this paper offers clues to understand the existence of fills and gaps in the archaeological record of the Ebro Basin, and can be applied in other territories with similar geographic and climate patterns