External and internal training load relationships in soccer players

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between internal training loads (TL) (Polar (PLR), Edwards (EDW) Training-Impulse (TRIMP) session RPE (s-RPE) external TL (Total distance (TD), covered distance in five different zone, number of acceleration (ACC) and deceleration actions (DEC) in professional soccer players. Twenty male professional soccer players (age = 27.6 years; height = 177.6±7.1 cm; body mass = 69± 8.3 kg) from a professional soccer team voluntarily participated in the study. The correlations between the values were examined individually for each athlete by Pearson correlation test. According to the results of this study showed that there were very large and nearly perfect relations between s-RPE and both HR-based methods (EDW and PLR TRIMP) (respectively, r = .51 - .91; r= .44 -. 90). Additionally, from moderate to large correlations were observed between internal TL methods and external TL methods (walking, number of ACC-DEC actions) (between r = .56 - .82). Moreover, the relations between internal load and external load parameters were weakened in high-speed zones. According to the results of the current study, meanwhile s-RPE may be evaluated in practice as a useful and inexpensive for monitoring the internal TL method, the number of ACC and DEC actions could be appropriate for external TL

Vascular Manifestations of Behçet’s Disease

Behçet’s disease (BD), a very morphologically diverse systemic disease, may involve the vascular system. The venous system is the most frequently attacked vessel system. The arterial system, when involved, increases the severity and morbidity of Behçet’s disease. Cardiac involvement, although rare, can be very subtle and in itself increases the mortality. Vasculitis is the hallmark pathology resulting in occlusion, aneurysms, or both. Vascular involvement may be very challenging in all phases of treatment beginning from diagnosis till recovery and remission

Effect of varying recovery duration on postactivation potentiation of explosive jump and short sprint in elite young soccer players

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of postactivation potentiation (PAP) on vertical jump and sprint performances with different recovery durations. Twelve elite young soccer players (average age: 17.0 ± 0.6 years; body mass: 67.0 ± 5.4 kg; height: 175.0 ± 3.5 cm) voluntarily performed countermovement jump (CMJ) and 30-m sprints (with 10-m split times) under unloaded and 4 different recovery duration conditions (R1: 1 minute, R2: 2 minutes, R3: 3 minutes, and R4: 4 minutes) after a set of 3 repetitions of half-squat exercises at 90% of 1-repetition maximum. Electromyographic assessments of both limbs' vastus lateralis (VL) and semitendinosus (ST) muscle activity were also made during the tests. Vertical jump height, sprint time, and VL and ST muscle activity root mean square (RMS) values were analyzed. The results show that players demonstrated significantly better CMJ, 10-, and 30-m sprint performances in the R4 condition compared with the unloaded condition (p < 0.05). The players also showed significantly higher RMS values for VL and ST muscle activity in the CMJ and 30-m test performances for both legs in the R4 condition compared with the unloaded, R1, R2, and R3 conditions (p < 0.05). According to these results, if sports scientists and coaches desire to increase the PAP effect after heavy resistance training, 4 minutes of recovery time instead of 1, 2, or 3 minutes for CMJ, 10-, and 30-m sprint performances is recommended

The effect of isolated or combined small-sided games and speed endurance training on physical performance parameters in young soccer players

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of six weeks of small-sided games (SSG), speed endurance (SER) and combined SSG and SER (CT) training programs on sprint, repeated sprint, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) and level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) performance in young soccer players. Forty-one elite young soccer players (body height: 174.0 ± 7.5 cm, body weight: 59.7 ± 9.5 kg, age: 14.6 ± 0.5 years, training age: 7.4 ± 0.6 years) underwent anthropometric measurements before performing 10m and 30m sprint tests, repeated sprint tests, and Yo-Yo IR1 and Yo-Yo IR2. The players were then divided into four groups: the SSG group (SSG; n=11), the SER group (SER; n=10), the CT group (CT; n=11), and the control group (CG; n=9). All groups performed training for six weeks on two days out of the five training days the participants were undertaking. There was a statistically significant increase in the Yo-Yo IR1 and Yo-Yo IR2 test performances of players in SSG, SER and CT groups (p&lt;.05). In addition, players in these groups showed significantly higher percentage increases in Yo-Yo IR2 test performance compared to the CG. The CT group also had a statistically significant increase in Yo-Yo IR1 test performance compared to the CG (p&lt;.05). In conclusion, while this study shows that SSG and SER training can be used for physical performance development in isolation or in combination, coaches and sports scientists are advised to choose combined training to use training time more efficiently

Unapređenje kondicijske pripremljenosti mladih nogometaša primjenom igranja malog nogometa na različitim veličinama igrališta – poseban osvrt na fiziološke odgovore

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether young soccer players change their physiological responses according to the different sizes of a pitch for 3-a-side and 4-a-side games (SSG). Sixteen young soccer players (age 14.2±0.6 yrs; height 162.8±5.7cm; body mass 55.1±7.4kg) participated in three different format of 3-a-side (small pitch size: SSGS, 20x15m; medium pitch size: SSGM, 25x18m; large pitch size: SSGL, 30x20m) and 4-a-side (SSGS, 20x20m; SSGM, 30x20m; SSGL, 32x25m) games. Each player performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YIRT) level 1. Then, the 3-a-side and 4-a-side games were organized in random order at 2-day intervals. During SSGs, heart rate (HR) was recorded. In addition, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was determined at the end of each SSG. The study results demonstrated that young soccer players presented significantly higher HR (F=14.722; p<.05; η2=0.495), %HRmax (F=14.694; p<.05; η2=0.495) and RPE10 (F=14.045; p<.05; η2=0.484) during 3-a-side SSGL compared to both 3-a-side SSGS and SSGM. Moreover, the 4-a-side SSGL induced significantly higher HR (F=6.658; p<.05; η2=0.307), %HRmax (F=6.495; p<.05; η2=0.302) and RPE10 (F=18.719; p<.05; η2=0.555) compared to 4-a-side SSGS. Therefore, it can be concluded that young soccer players could change their physiological responses during SSGs according to a different pitch size. The results of this study suggest that coaches of young soccer players should pay special attention to choosing the SSG type and pitch size when targeting physical conditioning of players in soccer training.Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi da li mladi nogometaši različito fiziološki odgovaraju na igranje malog nogometa 3 na 3 i 4 na 4 kada se mijenja veličina igrališta. Šesnaest mladih nogometaša (14,2±0,6 godina, tjelesne visine 162,8±5,7 cm i tjelesne težine 55,1±7,4 kg) igralo je mali nogomet 3 na 3 na tri različite veličine igrališta (malo igralište: SSGS, 20x15m; srednje igralište: SSGM, 25x18m; veliko igralište: SSGL, 30x20m) te 4 na 4 na (SSGS, 20x20m; SSGM, 30x20m; SSGL, 32x25m). Svaki igrač je bio testiran pomoću YoYo intermittent recovery testa (YYIRT) 1. razine. Nakon provedenih testiranja, slučajnim redoslijedom, u intervalima od 2 dana, igrao se mali nogomet 3 na 3 i 4 na 4. Tijekom igranja malog nogometa bilježena je frekvencija srca (FS). Nadalje, nakon posljednjeg perioda svake igre zabilježena je i subjektivna procjena opterećenja (SPO). Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da mladi nogometaši manifestiraju značajno višu frekvenciju srca (F=14,722; p<,05; η2=0,495), %FS (F=14,694; p<,05; η2=0,495) i SPO10 (F=14.045; p<,05; η2=0,484) tijekom igranja 3 na 3 na velikom igralištu u odnosu na igranje 3 na 3 na srednjem i malom igralištu. Štoviše, igranje 4 na 4 na velikom igralištu izazvalo je značajno višu frekvenciju srca (F=6,658; p<,05; η2=0.307), %FSmax (F=6,495; p<,05; η2=0,302) i SPO10 (F=18,719; p<,05; η2=0,555) u usporedbi s igranjem 4 na 4 na malom igralištu. Stoga se može zaključiti da mladi nogometaši manifestiraju različite fiziološke odgovore na igranje malog nogometa na igralištima različite veličine. Rezultati ovog istraživanja sugeriraju da bi treneri koji rade s mladim nogometašima trebali obratiti pažnju na odabir broja igrača i veličinu igrališta u odnosu na broj igrača kako bi poboljšali željenu razinu kondicijske pripremljenosti tijekom nogometnog treninga

The Acute Effects of Velocity Loss During Half Squat Exercise on Jump Performance

The velocity loss (VL) approach during squat exercise may increase the post-activation potentiation enhancement effect on squat jump performance. If this method succeeds, then different conditions of VL should be researched before its implementation to the field. This study hypothesized that squat jump performance would be increased after different volumed VL conditions during half-squat exercise. Eighteen resistance-trained men (mean [M] ± standard deviation [SD]; age: 24.00±3.53 years; body mass: 78.37±5.53 kg; height: 179.35±7.04 cm; one-repetition maximum (1RM) half squat: 110.85±11.92 kg) voluntarily performed squat jump under unloaded and four different VL conditions (R6: six repetitions, Ruf: repetitions until failure, VL10: velocity loss thresholds 10%, VL20: velocity loss thresholds 20%) after a set of half-squat exercises at 80% of one-repetition maximum separated by at least 72 hours. The results revealed that subjects demonstrated significantly better squat jump performance in VL10, VL20, and R6 conditions than the unloaded and Ruf conditions (

Investigation of the external and internal training loads in soccer players

Amaç: Antrenman yükü kavramı son dönemlerde yaygın şekilde kullanılan kavramların başında gelmektedir. Bu kavram sporcuların maruz kaldığı dış yüklerin (kat edilen mesafe, şut ya da atış sayısı v.b) sporcularda yarattığı iç yükler (fizyolojik cevaplar) olarak bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma, Antrenmanda elde edilen algılanan zorluk derecesi (AAZD) değerleri ile farklı hızlarda kat edilen mesafe değerleri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya Türkiye Birinci liginde oynayan 11 (yaş = 22,7 ± 2,3; boy= 177,6±7,1; 65± 8 ) profesyonel futbolcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Sporcuların kuvvet antrenmanı dışında tüm saha antrenmanlarında GPsport (Cambera) cihazı ile yük takipleri yapılmıştır. Sezon başında gerçekleştirilen iki ayrı kamp sürecinde toplam 16 antrenmandan veri alınmıştır. Çalışmada kalecilere yer verilmezken, dört savunma, 5 orta saha ve 2 hücum oyuncusu dahil edilmiştir. Bu takipte sporcuların değişik hızarda kat ettikleri mesafeler ile onluk algılanan zorluk derecesi ve antrenman süresinin çarpımından elde edilen antrenmanın algılanan zorluk derecesi (AAZD) belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen değerler arasındaki ilişkilere Pearson korelasyon testi ile her bir sporcu için tek tek bakılmıştır. Bulgular: Sonuçlar incelendiğinde AAZD değerleri ile kat edilen mesafe değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir (p> .05). Sonuç: Bu sonuçlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda futbolcuların antrenmanda algıladıkları zorluk derecesi ile kat edilen mesafeler arasında ilişki olmadığı ve algılanan zorluk derecesi farklı faktörlerin etkilemiş olabileceği söylenebilir. Bu neden ile antrenörlerin, spor bilimcilerin ve sağlık heyetlerinin bu değerlerin her birini kendi içinde değerlendirmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.The concept of training load is one of the most widely used concepts in recent years. This concept is known as the internal loads (physiological responses) created by the athletes during the external loads (distance covered, number of shots per shot, etc.) exposed by the athletes. This study was aimed to determine the relationships between the external and internal training loads in soccer players. Method: Eleven male soccer players (age = 22,7 ± 2,3 years; height = 177,6±7,1 cm) from an professional football club participated voluntarily in this study. In exception the strength training of the athletes, the GPsport (Cambera) device was used for 16 trainings in camp duration in all field workouts. Covered distance at various speeds and Rating of Perceived Exertion responses of soccer players (SRPE) were determined. The correlations between the values obtained were examined individually for each athlete by Pearson correlation test. Results: When the results were examined, and there is no relation between the external loads and internal loads

Comparison of field and laboratory tests used to evaluate aerobic capacity

Bu araştırma, maksimal oksijen tüketimini belirlemek için kullanılan Bruce, Mekik ve Yo-yo testlerinden formüller yardımıyla elde edilen indirekt VO2maks-tahmin değerleriyle, bu testlerde oksijen analizörü kullanılarak belirlenen direkt VO2maks-ölçüm değerinin karşılaştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya Denizli ili 1. amatör kümesinde farklı takımlar da futbol oynayan, yaş ortalamaları 21.92 ± 2.58 yıl, boy ortalamaları 176.14 ± 8.55 cm ve vücut ağırlıkları 72.28 ± 6.82 kg olan 14 sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Denekler üç gruba ayrılarak ve her grup için en az üç gün arayla ve farklı sıralarla (random olarak) Bruce protokolü (BP) (laboratuarda) Yo-Yo testi ve Mekik testi (MK) (spor salonunda) uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucu formüller yardımıyla indirekt olarak hesaplanan VO2maks-tahmin ile direkt olarak ölçülen VO2maks-ölçüm değerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca üç testten ayrı ayrı elde edilen VO2maks-ölçüm değerleri, KAHmax değerleri, VO2maks-tahmin değerleri ve RER değerleri birbirleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalar bağımlı gruplarda parametrik test olan tekrarlı ölçümlerde varyans analizi ve iki eş arasındaki farkın önemlilik testi ile yapılmıştır. Yapmış olduğumuz çalışma sonucunda testlerden elde edilen VO2maks-ölçüm değerlerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark göstermediği (p>0.05), çalışmada deneklerin üç test sonucunda ulaştıkları en yüksek kalp atım hızı ve 220-yaş formülü kullanılarak hesaplanan KAHmaks değerlerinin arasında da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir (p>0.05). Her üç test sonunda elde edilen VO2maks-tahmin değerleri ile VO2maks-ölçüm değerlerinin karşılaştırılması sonucu Yo-Yo ve Mekik testi için tahmin ve ölçüm değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark çıkarken (p0.05) and, while significant differences were found between VO2max-measured and VO2max-estimaded among two field tests (p<0.05) no significant difference was found amang the Bruce test .This study concludes that it is necessary to use ergospirometry to accurately estimate aerobic-capacity in soccer players

Evidence of the relative age effect in youth soccer players from Turkey

The main purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the relative age effect (RAE) exists in development teams of soccer clubs across different professional leagues in Turkey. The players were allocated to one of six age subgroups (U14, U15, U16, U17, U19, U21) and league level was also considered as a factor; data on 8600 players in 408 professional teams were analyzed. Birth data and registration dates were collected by accessing the Turkish Football Federation's official website. The results showed that the RAE is strong and significant for each lower league and per age category (p0.05). An independent samples t-test on U21 soccer players' TE means also yielded no significant difference (p>0.05). In conclusion, amongst soccer players in development teams of professional clubs in Turkey, players born in the later months of the year are less likely to be selected than those born in the earlier months. It is also concluded that there is no association between TE and a player's league level