LEGAL AID ORGANIZATION PROBLEM IN PROVIDING LEGAL AID TO IMPOVERISHED COMMUNITY IN INDONESIA

Based on data from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, in 2022, there are 619 registered legal aid organizations that have passed verification as legal aid providers, as mandated in the legal aid law. Despite this number, there are still many legal aid organizations or community organizations that have not been registered yet provide legal aid services. This research aims to identify and analyze the problem of providing legal aid by Legal Aid Organizations (LAO) in Indonesia and efforts to overcome this problem. The research method used is empirical juridical using primary and secondary data. The results of the research show that the problems encountered include only accredited legal aid organizations receiving funding from the government, the uneven distribution of legal aid organizations, an imbalance between legal aid recipients and the number of accredited legal aid organizations, the minimal amount of budget received by legal aid organizations, as well as procedural problems in terms of reporting and evaluation which sometimes burden legal aid organizations. Efforts made by the government to overcome the above problems are by creating policies including the application of a legal aid information system, namely SIDBANKUM, conducting intensive outreach to the wider community and a wider scope regarding the existence of LAO, collaborating and coordinating with regional governments and various relevant law enforcement agencies, carrying out screening of LAO in the regions in order to verify accreditation for the next period and increase the capacity of legal aid implementer

Why male orangutans do not kill infants

Infanticide is widespread among mammals, is particularly common in primates, and has been shown to be an adaptive male strategy under certain conditions. Although no infanticides in wild orangutans have been reported to date, several authors have suggested that infanticide has been an important selection pressure influencing orangutan behavior and the evolution of orangutan social systems. In this paper, we critically assess this suggestion. We begin by investigating whether wild orangutans have been studied for a sufficiently long period that we might reasonably expect to have detected infanticide if it occurs. We consider whether orangutan females exhibit counterstrategies typically employed by other mammalian females. We also assess the hypothesis that orangutan females form special bonds with particular “protector males” to guard against infanticide. Lastly, we discuss socioecological reasons why orangutan males may not benefit from infanticide. We conclude that there is limited evidence for female counterstrategies and little support for the protector male hypothesis. Aspects of orangutan paternity certainty, lactational amenorrhea, and ranging behavior may explain why infanticide is not a strategy regularly employed by orangutan males on Sumatra or Borneo

Strategies for the Use of Fallback Foods in Apes

Researchers have suggested that fallback foods (FBFs) shape primate food processing adaptations, whereas preferred foods drive harvesting adaptations, and that the dietary importance of FBFs is central in determining the expression of a variety of traits. We examine these hypotheses in extant apes. First, we compare the nature and dietary importance of FBFs used by each taxon. FBF importance appears greatest in gorillas, followed by chimpanzees and siamangs, and least in orangutans and gibbons (bonobos are difficult to place). Next, we compare 20 traits among taxa to assess whether the relative expression of traits expected for consumption of FBFs matches their observed dietary importance. Trait manifestation generally conforms to predictions based on dietary importance of FBFs. However, some departures from predictions exist, particularly for orang-utans, which express relatively more food harvesting and processing traits predicted for consuming large amounts of FBFs than expected based on observed dietary importance. This is probably due to the chemical, mechanical, and phenological properties of the apes’ main FBFs, in particular high importance of figs for chimpanzees and hylobatids, compared to use of bark and leaves—plus figs in at least some Sumatran populations—by orang-utans. This may have permitted more specialized harvesting adaptations in chimpanzees and hylobatids, and required enhanced processing adaptations in orang-utans. Possible intercontinental differences in the availability and quality of preferred and FBFs may also be important. Our analysis supports previous hypotheses suggesting a critical influence of the dietary importance and quality of FBFs on ape ecology and, consequently, evolution

Metode Penelitian Kesehatan

Buku Metode Penelitian Kesehatan ini merupakan referensi yang cukup lengkap dan mudah dipahami, yang memudahkan mahasiswa kesehatan dan praktisi kesehatan dalam memahami metode penelitian. Buku ini membahas seputar metodologi penelitian secara jelas dan ringkas meliputi filsafat ilmu, etika penelitian, metode-metode penelitian bidang kesehatan, merancang koesioner, pengumpulan data penelitian, analisis dan penyajian data penelitian, bahkan sampai sistematika penulisan proposal dan pelaporan hasil penelitian. Buku Metode Penelitian Kesehatan ini dimaksudkan sebagai bahan referensi bagi mahasiswa, petugas kesehatan dan peneliti kesehatan. Oleh sebab itu, buku ini ditulis secara ringkas dan padat sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pembaca untuk memahami proses penelitian dalam bidang kesehatan