Seasonal deposition processes and chronology of a varved Holocene lake sediment record from Lake Chatyr Kol (Kyrgyz Republic)

A finely laminated lake sediment record with a basal age of 11,619 ± 603 years BP was retrieved from Lake Chatyr Kol (Kyrgyz Republic). Microfacies analysis reveals the presence of seasonal laminae (varves) from the sediment basis to ~ 360 ± 40 years BP. The Chatvd19 floating varve chronology covers the time span from 360 ± 40 years BP to the base and relies on replicate varve counts on overlapping petrographic thin sections with an uncertainty of ± 5 %. The uppermost non-varved interval was chronologically constrained by 210Pb and 137Cs γ-spectrometry and interpolation based on varve thickness measurements of adjacent varved intervals with an assumed uncertainty of 10 %. Six varve types were distinguished, are described in detail and show a changing predominance of clastic-organic, clastic-calcitic or -aragonitic, calcitic-clastic, organic-clastic and clastic-diatom varves throughout the Holocene. Variations in varve thickness and the number and composition of seasonal sublayers are attributed to 1) changes in the amount of summer or winter/spring precipitation affecting local runoff and erosion and/or to 2) evaporative conditions during summer. Radiocarbon dating of bulk organic matter, daphnia remains, aquatic plant remains and Ruppia maritima seeds reveal reservoir ages with a clear decreasing trend up core from ~ 6,150 years in the early Holocene, to ~ 3,000 years in the mid-Holocene, to ~ 1,000 years and less in the late Holocene and modern times. In contrast, two radiocarbon dates from terrestrial plant remains are in good agreement with the varve-based chronology

Mass balance observations and reconstruction for Batysh Sook Glacier, Tien Shan, from 2004 to 2016

In this study we present an analysis of measured annual mass balances for the period 2011 to 2016 and a reconstruction of seasonal mass balances from 2004 to 2010 for Batysh Sook Glacier located in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan. Conventional methods and a model-based extrapolation of the point measurements were used to obtain glacier- wide mass balances and to analyze glaciological measurements. Especially at the beginning of the re-established glacier mass balance monitoring program, deviations between the different methods were significant, having a range of 0.40 m w.e. a− 1. With the improvement of the measurement network in later years, the results of the different extrapolation methods showed better agreement (range of 0.10 to 0.22 m w.e. a− 1). For 2011 to 2016, the profile method revealed a mass loss of − 0.41 ± 28 m w.e. a− 1. The contour line method yielded a negative mean mass balance of − 0.34 ± 20 m w.e a− 1, whereas the model-based extrapolation clearly resulted in the most negative value of − 0.43 ± 16 m w.e. a− 1 for the same period.The same distributed accumulation and temperature index melt model used to extrapolate point measurements from 2011 to 2016 was applied in order to reconstruct the mass balance from 2004 to 2010. The model was driven by daily air temperature and precipitation data from a nearby meteorological station and the model parameters were calibrated with in-situ measurements of annual mass balances collected from 2011 to 2016. Winter accumulation measurements taken in May 2014 were used for calibration purposes and to deduce snow distribution patterns. Subseasonal model performance was validated based on the snow cover depletion pattern observed on satellite images during the summer months from 2004 to 2016. For Batysh Sook Glacier an average annual mass balance of − 0.39 ± 0.26 m w.e. a− 1 was found for the period 2003/04 to 2015/16

Development of algorithms for searching, analyzing and detecting fraudulent activities in the financial sphere

According to Digital Evolution Index 2017, Russia is included to the category of so-called “Break Out” countries. The major problem to be encountered at transfer to the digital economy is adaptation of new technologies – such as Big Data, Blockchain, Internet of Things, Cryptocurrency, machine learning. No less important field is development of friendly informative environment facilitating international cooperation, cyber safety problems resolving, etc. This example provides the data of the report prototype of a system to detect suspicious transactions. This system shall read and analyze the transaction database and, in accordance with search algorithms, it detects suspicious transactions within the entire data base. The algorithm consists of several stages: development of a graph, selection of suspicious and trusted transactions, calculation of signs and machine learning. The methods of social connections analysis, parallel processing of graphs and mathematical apparatus of neural networks are used as the basis of this research.peer-reviewe

Остеосинтез переломов шейки бедренной кости: динамический бедренный винт (DHS) или мини-инвазивная система Targon FN?

Objectives: to investigate the long-term outcomes of femoral neck fractures that were surgically fixed using various types of extramedullary implants in patients aged 65 years and younger. Material and methods: We analyzed the clinical results of surgical treatment of femoral neck fractures by extramedullary osteosynthesis in 94 patients aged 38 to 65 years old (71 women and 23 men). The patients were divided into 3 groups according to AO/ASIF fracture classification. We used different techniques of osteosynthesis: with DHS or with Targon FN. In all patients the mental status rate SPMSQ), osteoporosis degree (Singh index), general somatic status (WHO scale) were evaluated in the preoperative period. We also evaluated next intraoperative parameters: duration of surgery, blood loss, quality of reduction, long of incision. In a year after surgery we assessed functional results (Harris Hip Score) and analysed postoperative complications. Results: It was found the inverse correlation (r = -0,8) of total preoperative parameters (WHO scale, the Singh index and mental status SPMSQ) and postoperative functional results on Harris Hip Score. With the reliability of pЦель исследования: провести сравнительный анализ отдаленных результатов остеосинтеза внутрисуставных переломов проксимального отдела бедренной кости различными типами экстрамедуллярных металлоконструкций. Материал и методы: проведен анализ хирургического лечения 94 пациентов с переломами шейки бедренной кости в возрасте от 38 до 65 лет: 71 женщин и 23 мужчин. Пациенты были разделены на три группы в зависимости от типа перелома по классификации AO/ASIF. Фиксация переломов осуществлялась динамическим бедренным винтом (DHS) (46 пациентов) или мини-инвазивной системой Targon FN (48 пациентов). В предоперационном периоде оценивались показатели общесоматического и психического статуса, выраженность остеопороза. Сравнивали основные интраоперационные показатели: длительность операции, кровопотерю, качество репозиции, длину разреза. Через 6 и 12 мес. после остеосинтеза проводилась оценка функциональных показателей по шкале Харриса, а также анализ осложнений. Результаты: Установлена обратная корреляционная зависимость функциональных результатов лечения по шкале Харриса от суммарных предоперационных показателей. Средний объем кровопотери и длина кожного разреза были меньше при остеосинтезе системой Targon FN во всех трех группах (

Diaquabis(4-bromo­benzoato-κO)­bis(N,N′-diethyl­nicotinamide-κN 1)zinc(II)

The title compound, [Zn(C7H4BrO2)2(C10H14N2O)2(H2O)2], is a monomeric complex with the ZnII atom lying on an inversion center. It contains two 4-bromo­benzoate, two diethyl­nicotinamide ligands and two water mol­ecules, all of which are monodentate. The four O atoms in the equatorial plane around the Zn atom form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, while the distorted octa­hedral geometry is completed by two N atoms in the axial positions. The methyl group of one of the ethyl groups is disordered over two positions, with occupancies of ca 0.65 and 0.35. The two aromatic rings are oriented at an angle of 77.22 (14)°. In the crystal structure, O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains along the a axis

Tetra­kis[μ-4-(diethyl­amino)benzoato-κ2 O:O′]bis­[(N,N-diethyl­nicotinamide-κN 1)zinc(II)]

In the centrosymmetric binuclear title complex, [Zn2(C11H14NO2)4(C10H14N2O)2], the two ZnII ions [Zn⋯Zn = 2.8874 (3) Å] are bridged by four 4-(diethyl­amino)benzoate (DEAB) ligands. The four nearest O atoms around each ZnII ion form a distorted square-planar arrangement, the distorted square-pyramidal coordination being completed by the pyridine N atom of an N,N-diethyl­nicotinamide (DENA) ligand at a distance of 2.0484 (12) Å. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the carboxyl­ate group is 4.89 (6)° in one of the independent DEAB ligands and 7.13 (7)° in the other. The benzene rings of the two independent DEAB ligands are oriented at a dihedral angle of 86.58 (5)°. The pyridine ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 31.17 (4) and 58.38 (4)° with respect to the two benzene rings. In the crystal, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network. Two weak C—H⋯π inter­actions are also present. The two ethyl groups of one of the DEAB ligands are disordered over two orientations, with occupancy ratios of 0.798 (5):0.202 (5) and 0.890 (5):0.110 (5)

Re-analysis of seasonal mass balance at Abramov glacier 1968–2014

Abramov glacier, located in the Pamir Alay, Kyrgyzstan, is a reference glacier within the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers. Long-term glaciological measurements exist from 1968 to 1998 and a mass-balance monitoring programme was re-established in 2011. In this study we re-analyse existing mass-balance data and use a spatially distributed mass-balance model to provide continuous seasonal time series of glacier mass balance covering the period 1968–2014. The model is calibrated to seasonal mass-balance surveys and then applied to the period with no measurements. Validation and recalibration is carried out using snowline observations derived from satellite imagery and, after 2011, also from automatic terrestrial camera images. We combine direct measurements, remote observations and modelling. The results are compared to geodetic glacier volume change over the past decade and to a ground-penetrating radar survey in the accumulation zone resolving several layers of accumulation. Previously published geodetic mass budget estimates for Abramov glacier suggest a close-to-zero mass balance for the past decade, which contradicts our results. We find a low plausibility for equilibrium conditions over the past 15 years. Instead, we suggest that the glacier's sensitivity to increased summer air temperature is decisive for the substantial mass loss during the past decade

Mass-balance reconstruction for Glacier No. 354, Tien Shan, from 2003 to 2014

This study presents a reconstruction of the seasonal mass balance of Glacier No. 354, located in the Akshiirak range, Kyrgyzstan, from 2003 to 2014. We use a distributed accumulation and temperature-index melt model driven by daily air temperature and precipitation from a nearby meteorological station. The model is calibrated with in situ measurements of the annual mass balance collected from 2011 to 2014. The snow-cover depletion pattern observed using satellite imagery provides additional information on the dynamics of mass change throughout the melting season. Two digital elevation models derived from high-resolution satellite stereo images acquired in 2003 and 2012 are used to calculate glacier volume change for the corresponding period. The geodetic mass change thus derived is used to validate the modelled cumulative glacier-wide balance. For the period 2003–12 we find a cumulative mass balance of –0.40±10mw.e.a-1. This result agrees well with the geodetic balance of –0.48±0.07mw.e.a-1over the same period

Tetra­kis(μ-4-methyl­benzoato-κ2 O:O′)bis­[(isonicotinamide-κN)copper(II)]

In the title centrosymmetric binuclear complex, [Cu2(C8H7O2)4(C6H6N2O)2], the Cu atoms [Cu⋯Cu = 2.6375 (6) Å] are bridged by four 4-methyl­benzoate (PMB) ligands. The four nearest O atoms around each CuII ion form a distorted square-planar arrangement, and the distorted square-pyramidal coordination is completed by the pyridine N atom of the isonicotinamide (INA) ligand. Each CuII ion is displaced by 0.2633 (1) Å from the plane of the four O atoms, with an average Cu—O distance of 1.974 (2) Å. The dihedral angles between carboxyl­ate groups and the adjacent benzene rings are 7.88 (19) and 9.68 (10)°, while the benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 85.90 (9)°. The pyridine ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 8.59 (7) and 83.89 (9)° with respect to the benzene rings. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network. π–π contacts between the benzene rings and between the pyridine and benzene rings, [centroid–centroid distances = 3.563 (2) and 3.484 (2) Å, respectively] may further stabilize the crystal structure